Admiral Yi Sun Shin of Korea

Admiral Yi Sun Shin of Korea Admiral Yi Sun Shin of Joseon Korea is revered today in both North Korea and South Korea. Indeed, attitudes toward the great naval commander verge on worshipful in South Korea, and Yi appears in several television dramas, including the eponymous Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-shin from 2004-05.   The admiral almost single-handedly saved Korea during the Imjin War (1592-1598), but his career path in the corrupt Joseon military was anything but smooth. Early Life Yi Sun Shin was born in Seoul on April 28, 1545. His family was noble, but his grandfather had been purged from the government in the Third Literati Purge of 1519, so the Deoksu Yi clan steered clear of government service. As a child, Yi reportedly played commander in neighborhood war games and made his own functional bows and arrows. He also studied Chinese characters and classics, as was expected of a yangban boy. In his twenties, Yi began to study at a military academy. There he learned archery, horseback riding, and other martial skills. He took the Kwago National Military Exam to become a junior officer at the age of 28, but fell from his horse during the cavalry test and broke his leg. Legend holds that he hobbled to a willow tree, cut some branches, and splinted his own leg so that he could continue the test. In any case, he failed the exam due to this injury. Four years later, in 1576, Yi took the military exam once more and passed.  He became the oldest junior officer in the Joseon military at the age of 32. The new officer was posted to the northern border, where Joseon troops regularly battled Jurchen (Manchu) invaders. Army Career Soon, young officer Yi became known throughout the army for his leadership and his strategic mastery.   He captured the Jurchen chief Mu Pai Nai in battle in 1583, dealing the invaders a crushing blow.  In the corrupt Joseon army, however, Yis early successes led his superior officers to fear for their own positions, so they decided to sabotage his career. Conspirators led by General Yi Il falsely accused Yi Sun Shin of desertion during a battle; he was arrested, stripped of his rank, and tortured. When Yi got out of prison, he immediately re-enlisted in the army as an ordinary foot-soldier.  Once again his strategic brilliance and military expertise soon got him promoted to commander of a military training center in Seoul, and later to military magistrate of a rural county. Yi Sun Shin continued to ruffle feathers, however, refusing to promote the friends and relatives of his superiors if they did not merit a higher position. This uncompromising integrity was very unusual in the Joseon army and made him few friends.   However, his value as an officer and strategist kept him from being purged. Navy Man At the age of 45, Yi Sun Shin was promoted to the rank of Commanding Admiral of the Southwestern Sea, in the Jeolla region, despite the fact that he had no naval training or experience.   It was 1590, and Admiral Yi was acutely aware of the growing threat posed to Korea by Japan. Japans taiko, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was determined to conquer Korea as a stepping stone to Ming China. From there, he even dreamed of expanding the Japanese Empire into India. Admiral Yis new naval command lay in a key position along Japans sea route to Seoul, the Joseon capital. Yi immediately began to build up the Korean navy in the southwest, and ordered the construction of the worlds first iron-clad, the turtle ship.  He stockpiled food and military supplies and instituted a strict new training regimen. Yis command was the only section of the Joseon military actively preparing for war with Japan. Japan Invades In 1592, Hideyoshi ordered his samurai army to attack Korea, beginning with Busan, on the southeast coast. Admiral Yis fleet sailed out to oppose their landing, and despite his complete lack of naval combat experience, he quickly defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Okpo, where he was outnumbered 54 ships to 70; the Battle of Sacheon, which was the debut of the turtle boat and resulted in every Japanese ship in the fight sinking; and several others. Hideyoshi, impatient at this delay, deployed all 1,700 of his available ships to Korea, meaning to crush Yis fleet and take control of the seas. Admiral Yi, however, responded in August 1592 with the Battle of Hansan-do, in which his 56 ships defeated a Japanese detachment of 73, sinking 47 of Hideyoshis ships without losing a single Korean one.  In disgust, Hideyoshi recalled his entire fleet. In 1593, the Joseon king promoted Admiral Yi to the commander of three provinces navies: Jeolla, Gyeongsang, and Chungcheong.  His title was Naval Commander of the Three Provinces. Meanwhile, however, the Japanese plotted to get Yi out of the way so that the Japanese armys supply lines would be secure. They sent a double agent called Yoshira to the Joseon Court, where he told Korean General Kim Gyeong-seo that he wanted to spy on the Japanese. The general accepted his offer, and Yoshira began feeding the Koreans minor intelligence. Finally, he told the general that a Japanese fleet was approaching, and Admiral Yi needed to sail to a certain area to intercept and ambush them. Admiral Yi knew that the supposed ambush was actually a trap for the Korean fleet, laid by the Japanese double agent.  The area for the ambush had rough waters that hid many rocks and shoals. Admiral Yi refused to take the bait.   In 1597, because of his refusal to sail into the trap, Yi was arrested and tortured almost to death.   The king ordered him executed, but some of the admirals supporters managed to get the sentence commuted. General Won Gyun was appointed to head the navy in his place; Yi once more was broken down to the rank of foot-soldier. Meanwhile, Hideyoshi launched his second invasion of Korea early in 1597.  He sent 1,000 ships carrying 140,000 men. This time, however, Ming China sent the Koreans thousands of reinforcements, and they managed to hold off the land-based troops. However, Admiral Yis replacement, Won Gyun, made a series of tactical blunders at sea that left the Japanese fleet in a much stronger position. On August 28, 1597, his Joseon fleet of 150 warships blundered into a Japanese fleet of between 500 and 1,000 ships. Only 13 of the Korean ships survived; Won Gyun was killed. The fleet that Admiral Yi had so carefully built was demolished. When King Seonjo heard about the disastrous Battle of Chilchonryang, he immediately reinstated Admiral Yi but the great admirals fleet had been destroyed. Nonetheless, Yi was defiant of orders to take his sailors ashore.  I still have twelve warships under my command, and I am alive. The enemy shall never be safe in the Western Sea! In October of 1597, he lured a Japanese fleet of 333 into the Myeongnyang Strait, which was narrow and dredged by a powerful current. Yi laid chains across the mouth of the strait, trapping the Japanese ships inside. As the ships sailed through the strait in a heavy fog, many hit rocks and sank. Those that survived were enveloped by Admiral Yis carefully deposed force of 13, which sank 33 of them without using a single Korean ship.   The Japanese commander Kurushima Michifusa was killed in action. Admiral Yis victory at the Battle of Myeongnyang was one of the greatest naval triumphs not just in Korean history, but in all of history. It thoroughly demoralized the Japanese fleet and cut the supply lines to the Japanese army in Korea. The Final Battle In December of 1598, the Japanese decided to break through the Joseon sea blockade and bring the troops home to Japan. On the morning of December 16, a Japanese fleet of 500 met Yis combined Joseon and Ming fleet of 150 at Noryang Strait. Once again, the Koreans prevailed, sinking about 200 of the Japanese ships and capturing an additional 100. However, as the surviving Japanese retreated, a lucky arquebus shot by one of the Japanese troops hit Admiral Yi in the left side. Yi feared that his death could demoralize the Korean and Chinese troops, so he told his son and nephew We are about to win the war.  Do not announce my death! The younger men carried his body below decks to conceal the tragedy and re-entered the fight. This drubbing at the Battle of Noryang was the last straw for the Japanese. They sued for peace and withdrew all troops from Korea. The Joseon kingdom, however, had lost its greatest admiral. In the final tally, Admiral Yi was undefeated in at least 23 naval battles, despite being seriously outnumbered in most of them. Although he had never fought at sea before Hideyoshis invasion, his strategic brilliance saved Korea from being conquered by Japan. Admiral Yi Sun Shin died defending a nation that had betrayed him more than once, and for that, he is still honored today throughout the Korean Peninsula and is even respected in Japan.

December 7,1941 essays

December 7,1941 essays On December 7,1941 the U.S. troops stationed on the Island of Pearl Harbor were woken up by the sound of gunfire and explosions. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is one of the worst surprise attacks in American history. For every Japanese soldier killed almost thirty-eight Americans were killed. Japan was at war with China. The American government tried many times with Japans leaders to withdraw troops from china and put an end to the war. After World War II started Japan grew angry with the United States of America because they were helping China by sending them war supplies. Japan didnt like this because China was the main target of Japanese attacks. Japan decided to take a peace trip to the United States of America. This trip took place in November of 1941. During this peace trip Japan made three proposals to the government. These proposals were, to stop helping china, to stay out of Asian affairs, and to begin shipping oil to Japan right away or Japan would attack the United States of America. The president Franklin D. Roosevelt and the government didnt do what the Japanese asked. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor because the United States ignored their requests. The attack began at 7:55 A.M. Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo led the Japanese forces. The rea son they attacked so early was because admiral Nagumo knew most of the troops would be sleeping. The chief targets were 8 battleships among the 180 American vessels anchored in the harbor. The attacked killed 2,388 people at Pearl Harbor and wounded about 2,000. It destroyed or damaged 21 American ships and more than 300 planes. The Japanese lost 29 aircraft. Some of the ships attacked were the U.S.S. Arizona, The Pennsylvania, The Maryland, and The West Virginia. The wreckage of The Arizona still holds the remains of all the soldiers who died in the explosion.The Japanese lost twenty-nine airplanes in the attack-nine fighters, fiftee...

Working at McDonald's Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Working at McDonald's - Assignment Example That is because most of the workers at McDonald’s are students high school and their job at fast food restaurants interferes with their lessons and homework. That very often becomes a reason of dropouts which eventually leads to further life without deep professional knowledge and working at low cost jobs without career opportunities. Another significant detail is the basics of the inequality that are created by the low cost jobs like one in fast food stores. Statistics shows that minorities are a big part of all people working at stores like McDonalds. As for the sources author provides a knowing of research by Ivan Charper and Bryan Shore Fraser but he is not satisfied and argues with authors on some points. As the final argument the author criticizes the way teenagers spend their money. In his opinion undeveloped teenagers become very comfortable with the typical American consuming way of life and that makes youngsters feel like adults. With the situation like this it is of ten more desirable for teens to work couple hours longer in Burger King to buy clothes instead of doing your homework and receive knowledge for the rest of the life. Educational aspects of work in fast food stores like learning how to operate cash-register or doing your job under the supervision in authors thought are very insignificant and because teens most of the time work only with other youngsters there is no possibility to take somebody as an example or a role model. The author`s point of view is very interesting, fresh and deserves attention. Some of his arguments can and should be discussed but in whole the problem of low cost jobs at fast food stores is a very actual question because it connects with the teenagers and teenagers are the future of our society. In his article Amitai Etzioni at first compares teenager’s job at McDonald’s (or any other fast food store) with the old time concept of the first job

Emotional Brain Systems are critical for understanding the many facets Essay

Emotional Brain Systems are critical for understanding the many facets of emotional experience.Discuss with reference to the historical development of affective neuroscience - Essay Example Although feeling these emotions are normal part of being human, it is inevitable for some people to experience emotional disorders. In the absence of fully analyzing the normal brain function, it can very difficult to determine the main factors that trigger the sudden emotional changes. The study of affective neuroscience is very much focused on analyzing the relationship between the normal brain functioning with the human emotions and mood swings. Over the past 30 years, a lot of research studies were conducted to explore the significance of the brain system with different types of emotions including how the emotion is being processed in the brain despite the individual cognitive, motor behaviour, motivation, and language development (Dalgleish, 2004). The main purpose of this study is to examine the importance of studying the emotional brain systems as a way to enable us to understand the many facets of emotional experiences that we encounter each day. Upon going through the main discussion, a literature review will be gathered to enable the researcher compare and contrast the different historical point-of-view of other people with regards to the development behind the study of affective neuroscience. Emotional brain is basically â€Å"a part of the human brain that generates emotions† (Young, 2005). Upon examining whether or not the brain produces emotions in response to unconscious and conscious perceptions, LeDoux explained in his book entitled â€Å"Emotional Brain† that a test was conducted in animals revealed that the amygdale which is a small part of the limbic system is responsible in producing neuronal responses in case a frightening stimuli is present (Hendrix, 1997). Basically, there are two ways wherein sensory input can be processed by the brain as proposed by LeDoux. These are classified as the following: (1) high road; and (2) low road (Hendrix, 1997). The ‘high road’ transfers the nerve impulse straight from the ears

London Transportation Essay Example for Free

London Transportation Essay London, England has long been regarded as a cosmopolitan metropolis with international appeal at the cutting edge of culture and technology, as well as its ancient and innovative transportation options. London’s location next to a major tributary â€Å"in the middle stretch of the Thames valley† , its basin rim terraced with materials formed from sedimentary sand and clay, has played an integral part in its transportation history(a full geographical representation of the city is shown in Appendix A). It was water-borne trade which allowed it to grow and prosper after the Romans, renowned for their road-building systems, built the city they named Londinium. No longer relying just on watercraft as a lifeline to the rest of the world, London today provides a wealth of sophisticated transportation options to its citizens with the vast entirety of its public motor thoroughfares redesigned after World War II. A modern visitor to London can now board a train or bus, descend underground and take a tube (subway), hop on a light rail or take a ride from one of many express terminals. It has taken decades for London to achieve, and then regain, its status as a great city for transportation, however. The second world war nearly devastated the city. During the following two decades, â€Å"London’s status as the hub of the British Empire† declined along with a reduction in public transport options . By 1986, the Greater London Development Council, which had dealt with issues of reconstruction, was abolished and for the first time in 97 years, â€Å"there was no unified representative government† for the city . London was now forced to address its post-war problems including the challenge of providing additional transportation options for the growing populace and creating a federal transport authority. Today, the United Kingdom has a population of 60,776,238, with the majority of this based in London and Great Britain. The country enjoys a strong economy and low unemployment while the government is focusing on â€Å"the improvement of education, transport, and health services, at a cost in higher taxes and a widening public deficit† . The numerous transitions in London’s transportation are examined here in chronological order beginning with its ancient history, its revival post-war, continuing into the 1960’s, a look back at the era of the 1980’s and finally, an overview of mass, affordable transportation options in today’s London society with a forecast for the future. History The Romans were the first recorded populace to recognize the importance of the Thames River. After their invasion of the area in AD 43, the Romans built a permanent bridge over the river as well as a network of roadways . The course of many of these roads is still the basis of modern thoroughfares today. In the 1st century, Londinium’s port was active with commerce. The River Thames was used by invaders as a waterway to storm the city during Viking times and new streets laid out after the takeover by the Saxons, some of which even used lanes much like we would expect today to subdivide them . The famed London Bridge was rebuilt in the late 12th century and during this time many of the streets were named with monikers still in use today. The Great Fire of 1666 prompted the construction of two new streets to intersect city as well as the widening of many of London’s streets and lane. Six new bridges were added to cross the River Thames between 1750 and 1835 and toll roadways were created to pay for repairs to existing thoroughfares. Hansom cabs were first introduced as another form of transportation in 1834 while the first passenger railway appeared just two years later. Deep water basins were added to the river at this time to reduce congestion from shipping. The Thames Tunnel was opened in 1843 to provide another avenue of transport over the river. Victorian London witnessed a revolution in transportation with the arrival of omnibuses, the extension of the railways for passenger trains to completely traverse the city, trams (first horse-drawn, then electrified by the turn of the century) and tube railways. The first underground railroad was opened in London in 1884. It was the very first of its kind and a model for other metropolitan areas in the ensuring decades. Appendix B contains a map of London’s current underground system with its extensive labyrinth of passageways. The growth of the commuting labor force living in the suburbs prompted the construction of new trunk roads and the expansion of the underground system to accommodate them in the years prior to World War II. Subsequent bombings of the city during the war in the 1940’s would escalate redevelopment of its ancient roadways. World War II In the midst of the second World War in September, 1940, Germany instituted the Blitz, a sustained six-month bombardment of London which killed 20,000 residents. After the bombing ended in May, 1941, London became a â€Å"major centre of wartime production† before Hitler renewed his assault on the city in summer of 1944 resulting in 29,890 Londoners killed and 50,507 injured. Underground rail stations were even used as shelters and the tunnels pressed into use for weapons storage. While the negative effects of these bombings included reduction of the population and significant damage caused throughout parts of the city, the end of the war became the impetus for England to start replanning the layout of London and surrounding towns, roadways and public transport and urge relocation from overpopulated areas to the suburbs (see Appendix C for a map of areas affected by bombing). Without a federal transport authority to draw up plans for redevelopment of roadways, much of the work was undertaken by landowners and commercial developers whose interests it would best serve. Construction of an airport began in 1946. In 1947, the legislature passed the Town and Country Planning Act to redevelop the slums of the East End, which had long been largely ignored since the majority of wealthy citizens resided in the West End. Narrow and impassable roads in the area were replaced for a nearly complete revitalization. After years of austerity in the war, it was with great acclaim that Britain crowned their new queen, Elizabeth II, in 1952. Her coronation ceremony, complete with a drive through London in the ancient Gold State Coach, prompted a renewed interest in horse and carriages. The British Driving Society was formed soon thereafter to honor the ancient sport of driving various horse-drawn vehicles . Royalty used the Long Walk at Windsor to display their horsemanship skills while the general public was confined to the pathways of parks in the West End. While Queen Elizabeth began her reign, the last of the famous London trams was officially retired. The decade of the 50’s was one rife with innovation, however. 1953 saw the opening of the newly completed Heathrow Airport in London. The first commercial air service between London and Moscow was launched in 1957 and the city received its first parking meters in 1958. The initial section of the London-Birmingham Motorway opened in 1959, closing out the decade with a loud roar.

The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay

The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay Development on the whole is a complex teleological concept; it constitutes a direction and an end it involves various stages and is certainly not as simple as it seems. The view of development is used to provide meaning and order to changes that occur over time in childrens development. Development involves biological, emotional and psychological changes that take place in humans between the period of birth and towards the end of adolescence, as they progress from dependency to autonomy. During prenatal stage, developmental changes are strongly influenced by genetic factors and other events. There are various different concepts embedded in the view of development that, upon watching it closely does not seem so obvious. The idea of development is clear but the directions, mechanisms and ends of development are not so obvious. The aim of this essay is to discuss a controversial issue in developmental science enflamed by nativists, that is whether it is qualitative or quantitative proce sses that assist us in different developmental aspects. With the perspective of dynamical systems theory this essay defends qualitative change by briefly discussing dynamical systems theory briefly due to word count limit provided for this essay. This essay also shows that qualitative and quantitative changes should not be considered in opposition as they are aligned phenomenons that they very much work hand in hand across different time scales and play a fundamental role in developmental processes. Qualitative change refers to when individuals progress in developmental stages results in them becoming different than how they were earlier or continuous gradual accumulation of small changes e.g. the way children behave, think and perceive the world in a different manner as they mature or after acquiring language children look at the world in a completely different manner, as now he/she is able to give names and now have the ability to think about abstract objects that do not have concrete reality. Whereas quantitative change occurs as a result of continuous acquisition of novel information and experiences. Children grow physically stronger and bigger and acquire sophisticated knowledge for instance a child who after being two years old has grown few inches and has gained 12 pounds, so growth in weight and height indicates quantative differences. Essentially big sudden changes in development, as simple as they seem are actually result of a accumulation of gradual various miniature changes, that are even hard to notice sometimes for instance it might seem that children start walking suddenly, but is a result of rather series of small changes in development which involves steady growth and strengthening of muscles that can assist the child to lift the body weight. Child development shows a mixture of both types of qualitative and quantitative changes in processes and they are equally important. Children advances in cognitive abilities in terms of processing of information, younger children are unable to hold a number of objects in their memory in compare to older children (quantitative change). The memory of older children is qualitatively different as they are capable of using various strategies e.g. organization of information and practice to improve the number of information they can hold in their memory but younger children do not use these strategies (quantitative change) as they are not aware of them. Between 4 and 10 months in children, qualitative change shows how categories are learned and represented possibly because of the onset of language emergence in children. The idea of transformational change and continuity in development has been popular points of controversy in the history of science. In the past two decades growing number of theories claimed of continuity amongst infants and older children abilities. Most of these theories come from nativist tradition, by showing infants amazing abilities and their seeming association to forms of cognition (e.g. Meltzoff Moore, 1977; Wynn 1992). Kagan (2008) claims that theories of continuity are exaggerated e.g childrens capability to use complex semantic networks are qualitatively different from infants ability to form perceptual schemata in looking tasks. The empirical evidence of childrens competence is on insignificant grounds as empirical record is based on single measure of infants performance which was the final looking time and is influenced by a lot of factors and has been overlooked in the past by psychologists and researchers interested in revealing early competence in children. This essay uses an example of development of dynamical systems view, theoretical framework in order to understand the two important issues of whether development occurs through qualitative or quantitative processes. The aim is to define qualitative development from a dynamical systems view. I argue that qualitative changes in structural organization of behaviour happens at the time scale of behaviour the second to second time scale of thoughts, actions, emotions. This idea states that the changes that occur over development and learning is due to qualitatively different behavioural states and depends upon the stability and infants or childs flexible shifting from one state to the other state. Dynamical systems theory was introduced to developmental science by Thelen and Smith (1994) with the publication of (A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action). During the past two decades concepts of Dynamical systems theory has been applied to various phenomenas for example motor development (Corbetta Thelen, 1996), socio emotional development (Lewis Lamey Douglas, 1999), cognitive development (Spencer et al; 2007). DST determines that development is a non linear process (Thelen 1989), which states that movement in children is not developed in a continuous steady rate and in a continuous manner, but it goes through lots of changes in a sub system which eventually results in the whole system to be able to shift and consequently results in a novel motor behaviour (Smith Thelen 1993). What does qualitative mean? For various developmental researchers the term qualitative refers to transformational change which is creating something novel that is not associated to something old for instance caterpillars transforms in to a butterfly from a cocoon, what goes in to the cocoon does not really similar to what comes out. Is that a qualitative change? Is it not obvious that there has to be some biological connection between the caterpillar and the butterfly? Is it the transformation or continuity as well as discontinuity or could it be that perceptual schemata might be connected to the appearance of the initial semantic network? In the past abrupt and transformational changes were thought to show qualitative rearrangements in development but when examined at finer levels of detail they tend to be more continuous. (Adolph, Robinson, Young, Gill- Alvarez, in press; Siegler, 1994; Siegler, 1996). DST defines qualitative frame work in a precise manner showing evidence of identification of qualitative change process, and the connection between qualitative and continuous changes. The qualitative transformation with regards to DST takes place when a system shifts from one attractor condition via stability to another attractor condition. Dynamical systems are defined as mathematically modelled systems that use equations which show the rate of change of one system of variable at each moment in time. If the current state of the system and its direction of change which is how fast the system is moving along in a line assists us to use the current state, add the amount of change and then it is possible to predict where the system will be at the next point over time. Successful completion of this process can lead to the possibility of us to learn in detail the development of a child and to predict each step along the way. The issue is that dynamical developmental systems are really complex. We are unable to understand all the details of a complex system, so we have to go for something simple. We have to learn how the system acts around certain specific points known as attractors, which enable the system to gravitate over time. The complication is that these attractors have the capability to change themselves. When a qualitative transition takes place in a dynamical system it shifts from being in the local territory of one attractor to losing that attractor and gravitating toward a new one. The question stands is that how do we learn when one attractor becomes unstable and other one appears this process is known as bifurcation review Braun, (1994). There are three important critical points to be considered. First one is that qualitative change in DST is dependent on the change in the attractor states of the system which is a shift from state of stability through instability in to a different attractor state. Second one is that just by observing the system behave in time cannot explain the processes involved in the system, thirdly there is an important association between continuity and qualitative change within DST. Qualitative changes arise from continuous changes in various aspects of the system e.g. when a neural system is moved through a small change in self excitation from a perceptual state to working memory state. Changes in the dynamics of system are often seen as shifting of attractor wells. Various categories of action appear as infants shift from reaching to crawling to walking and so forth. At specific time in development the collection of wells grasps potential actions. And the depth of different wells grasps the stability of the specific action type. Table no 1 shows various developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004). DST states that infants can self assemble, novel motor attributes in new situations. It also states that development occurs in individual children solving unique issues in their own ways. Thelen suggests that every child is different with regards to their body, their experiences and nervous system. It is impossible to predict the course of development. The research carries on. Conclusion: This essay discussed whether it is qualitative or quantitative changes that assist developmental processes in human beings. Child development involves both qualitative and quantitative growth processes and the emergence of differentiation capabilities over time. The challenge of dynamical systems is to learn and understand development, how qualitatively novel attractors appear in real time and how they become stable and accessible to promote development. This essay defends qualitative shifts as they play such a vital role as to what emerges over development is all about. The important thing is that qualitative and quantitave (continuous, gradual) shifts or changes should not be held in opposition. The view of qualitative and quantitative changes should go hand in hand. DST provides defence of qualitative development, a frame work to understand the connection amongst qualitative and quantitative development and pushes our learning and understanding of development towards l ocal time scale where continuity and appearance go hand in hand in order to produce novel things from something that is old. Table 1: Seven developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004) Theory Nature vs. Nurture Qualitative vs. Quantitative Social Learning Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Biological Maturational Nature Quantitative and qualitative Ecological Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Psychosocial Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Cognitive Developmental Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Behaviorist Nurture Quantitative Sociocultural Interaction of nature and nurture, with more emphasis on nurture Quantitative

Basic Military Training

Basic Military Training (BMT) is a rite of passage that every 18-year-old male Singaporean must complete. BMT is in fact an organization, within the Ministry of Defence, where young males are required to participate in rigorous exercise routines and armed combat training at Pulau Tekong, an offshore Singapore island. This compulsory training consists of basic soldiering skills, including weapon handling, individual field craft, and bayonet fighting. This military training helps to prepare these young men for battlefield survival, should the need arise.The organization has its own rules and regulations, culture, and principles. As such, we have shared our experience at BMT, and compare some aspects of it to Henri Fayol’s Classical Approach. New recruits are bombarded with information, directives, orders, and instructions from senior ranking officers. For example, we are told â€Å"Lights off at 10pm! † and â€Å"Everywhere you go, you are to get my permission. † A lso, if any of us want to voice a grievance, we must approach our superiors. They are authorized to decide if anything can or should be done to resolve the matter.These superiors are specialists (sergeants) who are directly in charge of new recruits, and the CO(Commanding officers) generally are not involved in these matters. BMT entails a wide variety of tasks and comprehensive military training, Therefore, the recruits face danger, but with every attempt to avoid life-threatening scenarios. Being in BMT is similar to being in a highly sensitive organization. Recruits are not allowed to divulge any army secrets outside the organization, and they must be wary of any statements they make in public.All recruits must take an oath of allegiance and pledge their loyalty and honesty to Singapore. In accordance with Fayol’s principle of â€Å"subordination of individual interest to general interest†, there is no room for the word â€Å"I† in BMT. Accordingly, every rec ruit works together with the team or company that he is assigned to. If an individual recruit makes a mistake or fails to follow an order, the whole company will be punished. For example, during my second week of BMT, all recruits were to report for physical training at 6 a. m.All reported except for one of my bunkmates, who overslept and was late. As a result, not only was he punished, but all the others from that platoon were punished as well. In BMT, recruits do not focus on their individual wants and needs, but instead they work as a team toward the betterment of their organisation. Hence, based on these illustrations, we can clearly state that communication within BMT is indeed task-oriented. In a high-security government organization like this, a formal style of communication is appropriate and required.Ranks differentiate superiors from subordinates, and usually the higher the rank, the more respect and power you command. For instance, ranks of ‘Cpt’ (Captain), à ¢â‚¬ËœLt’ (Lieutenant), and ‘Sgt’ (Sergeant) tend to increase the distance between individuals and hinders familiarity with each other. A recruit who approaches anyone of higher rank will probably feel some apprehension. All new BMT recruits are required to greet not only their company IC (in-charge), but also anyone else of higher rank. Required salutes and greetings include â€Å"Good morning Sir,† and all answers are to be proclaimed with â€Å"Yes Sir!† or â€Å"No Sir! † The word â€Å"Sir† conveys the respect that is required from fresh recruits toward their superiors. After two years in BMT, I came to realise that it is one’s rank, not one’s age, that determines the level and amount of respect that they receive. BMT’s formal approach becomes immediately apparent as new recruits enter the camp’s gate. Slippers, sandals, and t-shirts are forbidden, and shirts must be tucked into pants or jeans. Bermudas and shorts are banned as well. In short, all recruits are expected to wear proper attire.Hence professionalism, respect for superiors, and self-respect are the hallmarks and defining attributes of this bureaucratic and professional organisation. Fairness is another factor that contributes to BMT’s formal culture, and it affects the style of communication. In keeping with Fayol’s â€Å"principle of organisational reward,† all recruits, whether they be a minister’s son or a national sportsman, are awarded identical pay and receive identical treatment. The army does not discriminate against any background.Everyone in this military organisation shares the same facilities and consumes the same food. In addition, monetary rewards are granted to recruits who have done well in their physical fitness test (IPPT Test). Therefore, these examples demonstrate â€Å"remuneration of personnel† and â€Å"equity† in the classical model. While completing tra ining at BMT, officers’ and superiors’ messages and announcements are usually issued in the form of letters and memos. These letters generally begin with the recruit’s rank or with the simple salutation of â€Å"Mr.† and are issued to the recruit’s home address. Less formal notes or a thank you on a â€Å"post-it† are unlikely. Friends of the same rank are virtually helpless to aid peers during their stint at BMT. Hence, all recruits must rely on their superiors. However, this does not mean that there is no horizontal flow of communication or â€Å"gangplank† in the army. Recruits routinely turn to one another for minor favours, consolation, and motivation. Thus, BMT recruits indeed get to mingle around and talk to fellow trainees.In addition to the usual letters, memos, and emails, face-to-face communication does exist in BMT. For instance, in the middle of my training stint at BMT, three of my platoon mates and others from various c ompanies were selected to meet the Captain for a face-to-face chat. During that meeting with our superior, we received some feedback on how we were coping with issues and situations in the Army. In closing, the army may seem like a very authoritative organization, but there are some exceptions that exclude them from being a total role model for the Classical Approach.

Osmosis Triple Science Essay

Introduction In this investigation I am investigating if varying the amount of sugar solution or distilled water determines the concentration of cell sap. I will do this by using different concentrations of sugar solution and distilled water. If the medium is hypotonic — a dilute solution, with a higher water concentration than the cell — the cell will gain water through osmosis. However if the medium is isotonic —a solution with exactly the same water concentration as the cell — there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane. If the medium is hypertonic — a concentrated solution, with a lower water concentration than the cell — the cell will lose water by osmosis. Investigation variables To have a controlled reliable investigation I will control the following variables: To try my best to do the experiments at the same room temperature. I will prepare the carrots in the same way because any minor changes can ruin the experiment. The mass of the carrots is a dependent variable and this terminology means that the piece of carrot will be measured constantly throughout the experiment. I will measure in grams, in addition the piece of carrot will be measured before and after it is put into the solution, this will allow us to see if any osmosis has taken place. Fourthly the volume of the solution which the carrot pieces are put in must be same for all of them for example all of them should be covered in what is supposed to be covered in. Also I am going to use the same set of scales to measure the carrot pieces in the solution. This is because measurements may vary between the scales. I did this in a lab so everything was under control to make my results very reliable. My hypothesis I predict that the less sugar solution we use the higher the concentration of the cell sap would be. Plan First I will take some xylem cells from inside of the carrot and some phloem from the outside of the carrot I will take 15 samples of each type of cell from each carrot I will put 3 samples in each solution I would then leave it for 1 hour Then I would reweigh its mass Then plot these results onto a graph And then where the line crosses 0 is the concentration of the cytoplasm Conclusion As I conclude I can say that in my investigation I found out that the more sugar solution you cover in the carrot piece the higher the concentration of cell sap would be and there would be more osmosis activity. However what does mystify me is what you can see above, the two outliers because they don not surprisingly fit with the others but I am sure that if we do this investigation again there would be two outliers or less.

Nontsikelelo Albertina Sisulu, South African Activist

Nontsikelelo Albertina Sisulu, South African Activist Albertina Sisulu (October 21, 1918–June 2, 2011) was a prominent leader in the African National Congress and the anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa. The wife of the well-known activist Walter Sisulu, she provided much-needed leadership during the years when most of the ANCs high command was either in prison or in exile. Fast Facts: Albertina Sisulu Known For: South African anti-apartheid activistAlso Known As: Ma Sisulu, Nontsikelelo Thethiwe, Mother of the NationBorn: October 21, 1918 in Camama,  Cape Province, South AfricaParents: Bonilizwe and Monikazi ThethiweDied: June 2, 2011 in Linden, Johannesburg, South AfricaEducation:  Johannesburgs Non-European Hospital, Mariazell CollegeAwards and Honors:  Honorary doctoral degree from the University of JohannesburgSpouse: Walter SisuluChildren: Max, Mlungisi, Zwelakhe, Lindiwe, NonkululekoNotable Quote: Women are the people who are going to relieve us from all this oppression and depression. The rent  boycott  that is happening in  Soweto  now is alive because of the women. It is the women who are on the street committees educating the people to stand up and protect each other. Early Life Nontsikelelo Thethiwe was born in the village of Camama, Transkei, South Africa, on October 21, 1918, to Bonilizwe and Monica Thethiwe. Her father Bonilizwe arranged for the family to live in nearby Xolobe while he was working in the mines; he died when she was 11. She was given the European name of Albertina when she started at the local mission school. At home, she was known by the pet name Ntsiki. As the eldest daughter, Albertina was often required to look after her siblings. This resulted in her being held back for a couple of years at primary school, and initially cost her a scholarship for high school. After intervention by a local Catholic mission, she was eventually given a four-year scholarship to Mariazell College in the Eastern Cape (she had to work during the holidays to support herself since the scholarship only covered term time). Albertina converted to Catholicism while at college and decided that rather than get married, she would help support her family by getting a job. She was advised to pursue nursing (rather than her first choice of being a nun). In 1939 she was accepted as a trainee nurse at Johannesburg General, a non-European hospital, and began work there in January 1940. Life as a trainee nurse was difficult. Albertina was required to buy her own uniform out of a small wage and spent most of her time in the nurses hostel. She experienced the ingrained racism of the white-minority led country through the treatment of senior black nurses by more junior white nurses. She was also refused permission to return to Xolobe when her mother died in 1941. Meeting Walter Sisulu Two of Albertinas friends at the hospital were Barbie Sisulu and Evelyn Mase (Nelson Mandelas first wife-to-be). It was through them that she became acquainted with Walter Sisulu (Barbies brother) and began a career in politics. Walter took her to the inaugural conference of the African National Congress (ANC) Youth League (formed by Walter, Nelson Mandela, and Oliver Tambo), at which Albertina was the only female delegate. It was only after 1943 that the ANC formally accepted women as members. In 1944, Albertina Thethiwe qualified as a nurse and, on July 15, she married Walter Sisulu in Cofimvaba, Transkei (her uncle had refused them permission to get married in Johannesburg). They held a second ceremony on their return to Johannesburg at the Bantu Mens Social Club, with Nelson Mandela as best man and his wife Evelyn as a bridesmaid. The newlyweds moved into 7372, Orlando Soweto, a house that belonged to Walter Sisulus family. The following year, Albertina gave birth to their first son, Max Vuysile. Starting a Life in Politics Prior to 1945, Walter was a trade union official but he was fired for organizing a strike. In 1945, Walter gave up his attempts to develop an estate agency to devote his time to the ANC. It was left to Albertina to support the family on her earnings as a nurse. In 1948, the ANC Womens League was formed and Albertina Sisulu joined immediately. The following year, she worked hard to support Walters election as the first full-time ANC secretary-general. The Defiance Campaign in 1952 was a defining moment for the anti-Apartheid struggle, with the ANC working in collaboration with the South African Indian Congress and the South African Communist Party. Walter Sisulu was one of 20 people arrested under the Suppression of Communism Act. He was sentenced to nine months of hard labor and suspended for two years for his part in the campaign. The ANC Womens League also evolved during the defiance campaign, and on April 17, 1954, several women leaders founded the non-racial Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW). FEDSAW was to fight for liberation, as well as on issues of gender inequality within South Africa. In 1954, Albertina Sisulu obtained her midwife qualification and began working for Johannesburgs City Health Department. Unlike their white counterparts, black midwives had to travel on public transport and carry all their equipment in a suitcase. Boycotting Bantu Education Albertina, through the ANC Womens League and FEDSAW, was involved in the boycott of Bantu Education. The Sisulus withdrew their children from the local government-run school in 1955 and Albertina opened her home as an alternative school. The Apartheid government soon cracked down on such practice and, rather than return their children to the Bantu education system, the Sisulus sent them to a private school in Swaziland run by Seventh Day Adventists. On August 9, 1956, Albertina was involved in the womens anti-pass protest, helping the 20,000 prospective demonstrators avoid police stops. During the march, the women sang a freedom song: Wathint abafazi, Strijdom! In 1958, Albertina was jailed for taking part in a protest against the Sophiatown removals. She was one of around 2,000 protestors who spent three weeks in detention. Albertina was represented in court by Nelson Mandela; all of the protesters were eventually acquitted. Targeted by the Apartheid Regime Following the  Sharpeville Massacre  in 1960, Walter Sisulu,  Nelson  Mandela, and  several others formed  Umkonto we Sizwe  (MK, the Spear of the Nation), the military wing of the ANC. Over the next two years, Walter Sisulu was arrested six times (though only convicted once) and Albertina Sisulu was targeted by the Apartheid government for her membership of the ANC Womens League and FEDSAW. Walter Sisulu Is Arrested and Imprisoned In April 1963 Walter, who had been released on bail pending a  six-year  prison sentence, decided to go underground and join up with the MK. Unable to discover the whereabouts of her husband, the SA authorities arrested Albertina. She was the first woman in South Africa to be detained under the  General Law Amendment Act No. 37 of 1963. She was initially placed in solitary confinement for two months, and then under dusk-till-dawn house arrest and banned for the first time. During her time in solitary, Lilliesleaf Farm (Rivonia) was raided and Walter Sisulu was arrested. Walter was sentenced to life imprisonment for planning acts of sabotage and sent to Robben Island on June 12, 1964 (he was released in 1989). The Aftermath  of the Soweto Student Uprising In 1974, the banning order against Albertina Sisulu was renewed. The requirement for partial house arrest was removed, but Albertina still needed to apply for special permits to leave Orlando, the township in which she lived. In June 1976 Nkuli, Albertinas youngest child and  second daughter, was caught in the periphery of the  Soweto student uprising. Two days before, Albertinas eldest daughter Lindiwe had been taken into custody and held at  a detention  center at John  Voster  square (where  Steve Biko  would die the following year). Lindiwe was involved with the  Black Peoples Convention  and  Black Consciousness Movement  (BCM). The BCM had a more militant attitude toward South African whites than the ANC. Lindiwe was detained for almost a year, after which she left for Mozambique and Swaziland.​ In 1979, Albertinas banning order was again renewed, though this time for only two years. The Sisulu family continued to be targeted by the authorities. In 1980 Nkuli, who was by then studying at Fort Hare  University, was detained and beaten by the police. She returned to Johannesburg to live with Albertina rather continue her studies. At the end of the year, Albertinas son  Zwelakhe was placed under a banning order that effectively curtailed his career as a journalist because he was prohibited from any involvement in the media. Zwelakhe was president of the Writers Association of South Africa at that time. Since Zwelakhe and his wife lived in the same house as Albertina, their respective  bans  had the curious result that they were not allowed to be in the same room as each other or talk to each other about politics. When Albertinas banning order ended in 1981, it was not renewed. She had been banned for a total of 18 years, the longest  anyone  had been banned in South Africa at that point. Being released from the ban meant that she could now pursue her work with FEDSAW, speak at meetings, and even be quoted in newspapers. Opposing the Tricameral Parliament In the early  1980s,  Albertina campaigned against the introduction of the Tricameral Parliament, which gave limited rights to Indians and Coloureds. Albertina, who was once again under a banning order, was unable to attend a critical conference at which the Reverend Alan Boesak proposed a united front against the Apartheid government plans. She indicated her support through FEDSAW and the Womens League. In 1983, she was elected president of FEDSAW. Mother of the Nation In August 1983, she was arrested and charged under the  Suppression of Communism Act  for allegedly furthering the aims of the ANC. Eight months earlier she had, with others, attended the funeral of Rose Mbele and draped an ANC flag over the coffin. It was also alleged that she delivered a pro-ANC tribute to the FEDSAW and ANC Womens League stalwart at the funeral. Albertina was elected, in absentia, president of the United Democratic Front (UDF) and for the first time she was referred to in print as the Mother of the Nation. The UDF was an umbrella group of hundreds of organizations opposed to Apartheid, which united both black and white  activists  and provided a legal front for the ANC and other banned groups. Albertina was detained in Diepkloof prison until her trial in October 1983, during which she was defended by George Bizos. In February 1984, she was sentenced to four years, two years suspended. At the last minute, she was given the right to appeal and was released on bail. The appeal was finally granted in 1987 and the case was dismissed. Arrested for Treason In 1985,  PW Botha  imposed  a state  of emergency. Black youths were rioting in the townships, and the Apartheid government responded by flattening Crossroads township, near Cape Town. Albertina was arrested again, and she and 15 other leaders of the UDF were charged with treason and instigating revolution. Albertina was eventually released on bail, but the conditions of the bail meant she could no longer participate in FEDWAS, UDF, and ANC Womens League events. The treason trial began in October but collapsed when a key witness admitted he could have been mistaken. Charges were dropped against most of the accused, including Albertina, in December. In February 1988, the UDF was banned under further State of Emergency restrictions. Leading an Overseas Delegation In 1989 Albertina was asked as the patroness of the principal black opposition group in  South Africa (the wording of the official invitation) to meet with U.S. president George W Bush, former president Jimmy Carter, and UK prime minister Margaret Thatcher. Both countries had resisted economic action against South Africa. She was given a special dispensation to leave the country and provided with a passport. Albertina gave many interviews while overseas, detailing the severe conditions for blacks within South Africa and commenting on what she saw as the Wests responsibilities in maintaining sanctions against the Apartheid regime. Parliament and Retirement Walter Sisulu was released from prison in October 1989. The ANC was un-banned the following year, and the Sisulus worked hard to re-establish its position in South African politics. Walter was elected deputy president of the ANC and Albertina was elected deputy president of the ANC Womens League. Death Both Albertina and Walter became members of parliament under the new transitional government in 1994. They retired from parliament and politics in 1999. Walter died after a long period of illness in May 2003. Albertina Sisulu died peacefully on June 2, 2011, at her home in Linden, Johannesburg. Legacy Albertina Sisulu was a major figure in the anti-apartheid movement and a symbol of hope for thousands of South Africans. Sisulu holds a special place in the hearts of South Africans, in part because of the persecution she experienced and in part because of her unflinching dedication to the cause of a liberated nation. Sources Albertina Sisulus Legacy. Southafrica.co.za.â€Å"Albertina Nontsikelelo Sisulu.†Ã‚  South African History Online, 25 Oct. 2018.Shepherd, Melinda C. â€Å"Albertina Sisulu.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 17 Oct. 2018.

Egypt the Troubled Giant Essay Example

Egypt the Troubled Giant Essay Example Egypt the Troubled Giant Essay Egypt the Troubled Giant Essay Egypt, The Troubled Giant The case highlights some of the key factors that have enabled Egypt to grow over the last five years. Egypt is the most populated Arab state. More than 75 million people live there. Starting in 2004, Prime Minister Ahmed Nazit was able to pass into law many economic reforms that lowered tariffs, cut taxes, and the deregulation of trade that allowed Egypt to create billions in foreign direct investment in the economy. Many projects began in Egypt that built offices for large American companies to operate in as well as a huge construction project on the Suez Canal. This growth kept Egyptâ„ ¢s growth parallel with many other emerging economies. At the end of 2008, like many other countries, Egyptâ„ ¢s economy plummeted. This crushed the Egyptian people. The difference between the rich and the poor citizens is significant. This difference became the driving force in the divide of the country. The political and social pressures began to crumble the countries framework. The government has become corrupt and even the elections were rigged to favor the current President (at that time) Hosni Mubarak. Leaders opposing the President were harassed and falsely imprisoned. 1. How would you describe the economic policy that Egypt implemented during 2004â€Å" 2008 Do you think that this policy helped to boost Egyptâ„ ¢s growth rate Why I would describe Egyptâ„ ¢s economic policy during these years as mixed. There was a great deal of deregulation of trade as well as tax breaks implemented, however, the then President still remained in overall control. Yes, I believe that the Egyptian grow rate was boosted during this time. Because of all of these changes, companies like Microsoft and many Egyptian technology companies were allowed to conduct business in the country. This created a large increase in the money coming into as well as out of the country. This created growth in the Egyptian economy. 2. How vulnerable is the Egyptian economy to a slowdown in global economic activity such as that which occurred in 2008â€Å" 2009 I believe that Egypt is extremely vulnerable to economic slowdown. The country gets a large portion of their annual revenue from tourism and expatriate workers. Almost any change in the global economy could change the country forever. I believe that the effect will change primarily the lower class of people. With the majority of citizens currently living in poverty again, any decrease in the economy will make day to day living impossible. 3. What are the potential risks inherent in Egyptâ„ ¢s current political system What is the best case scenario going forward What is the worst- case scenario At the time that this case was written the primary potential risk was the corrupt government being overthrown. I believe the best scenario going forward is for Egypt to become more of a democratic society where the elected officials care about all of the citizens. The worst-case scenario would have been for the country to remain on the same path of increased political corruption. Where the people are disenfranchised, one can easily envisage a situation where economic turmoil spills over into the political arena, destabilizing the country and setting it on an uncertain future path. (p. 88) 4. All things considered, is Egypt an attractive market for international business What advice would you give to a multinational enterprise considering investment in Egypt At this point in time I believe that Egypt is a prime market for international business. The country is in a period of positive change. Corruption is being overthrown and the people are ready to become self-sufficient. The advice that I would give a company considering investment is to research those in power and the direction they are taking the country. Change is already underway and a more democratic environment is emerging. This can foster additional benefits for companies willing to invest.

Asthma as a Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Essay

Asthma as a Chronic Inflammatory Disorder - Essay Example It is suggested that 90% of the deaths caused by asthma can be prevented if proper measures are taken without wasting time(Anderson et al., 2007). In the United Kingdom, the overall percentage of the asthma patients has slightly declined, however, the number of patients has increased. This is because the population continues to increase, and the rate of increase of asthma patients in the population is lower to the population growth rate. Some of the common triggers of asthma include respiratory infection, cigarette smoke, and allergens like pollen grains, dust and other particulate pollutants, sudden changes in temperature, stress/anxiety, and exercise. The asthma attack is characterized by the narrowing of airways; which occurs due to the tightening of muscles, excessive secretion of mucus, and swelling of epithelial lining in lungs (Bisgaard et al., 2012). All these events are triggered by one or more aforementioned causes. Asthma can prove lethal if it is not managed properly, tho usands of children lose their lives every year at the hands of asthma due to negligence on the part of parents and healthcare professionals. Though asthma is a reversible lung disease, slight negligence or delay in providing proper care may cost one’s life. Children with asthma are at a disadvantage; their activities are limited because of the fear of acute exacerbation. The restricted lifestyle coupled with precautionary measures builds psychological stress, which obviously not ideal for children during their growing years. Psychological stressors like fear, anxiety, and depression lead to impairment in learning at school and restrict their participation in activities enjoyed by their age fellows(Chait, 2015). Asthma does not have a specific cause; the inflammation of respiratory tract can be triggered by numerous sources. Therefore, there are multiple events, stimuli, and allergens that can affect the associative learning, and result in confused responses.

Film Noir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Film Noir - Essay Example Hence, the significance of film neo-noir is that they draw upon or relate the image, the notion and the putative rules of film noir. The approach of the research paper is to identify the attributes that Spicer argues â€Å"neo-noir has remained a form that continues to accommodate complex, difficult ideas whereby existentialist attitudes continue to flourish.† Using the film Memento (Nolan), I can present how these neo-noir attributes have been presented in the film. Perhaps Memento has the most complex neo-noir feature as it provides a space in which the audience can, if not force, to deliberate the nature of identity. Though the question of identity is a repeated theme in neo-noir films, it is in Memento that has directly addressed this concern. The film depicts an antihero whose memory maybe or is faulty and his experience of time is confusing and is uncertain about his past and not sure about the meaning of the present activity he has engaged in and the very fabric of his identity (Nolan 217). Therefore, depicting that it consists attributes of neo-noir. The film is much concerned with the dark side that emphasizes loneliness, alienation and the fear that any or all activity being carried out by the character may be futile and meaningless. Therefore, the choices taken by the noir protagonist are never the real ones; lack the opportunity of escaping the bonds of convention, except via a hollow freedom represented by money, power, sex, and pro mise of adventure. Moreover, in the film, Memento, the noir antihero (Leonard) is often acting from desperation instead of rational choice, reacting to an inchoate, contingent world dominated by blind chance, which is often threatening and carries an undercurrent of violence that at any moment they can strike. Therefore, being an instant in the film of attributes stated by Spicer’s in his essay as being a neo-noir. The protagonist in Memento, has anterograde amnesia, and is unable to