A Common But Separate Goal For Power :: History Native Americans Essays

A Common But Separate Goal For proponentmissing works cited In the latter half of the 19th century, there were many cultures striving for control of the American Southwest, mainly the southern half of present-day(prenominal) genus Arizona, which was purchased by the United States in 1853. American Indian tribes, such as the Apaches, had original claims to the land that were everyplacetaken by the Mexican invasion of missions at Tubac and Tucson, which were later overrun with American settlers and soldiers laying their claims to this new American territory. These struggles for power created tension between each of the peoples of southern Arizona, originally between the Apache tribes and Mexicans, and then morphing into a trifecta of clashes between all of the races for control of the land.When the Spanish began colonizing the northern area of Mexico, they were confronted with a problem-what were they to do with the native peoples? Jesuit priests attempted to reform some of the mesa tribes in present-day Arizona and New Mexico, but encountered a population uninterested in Christianity and comfortable with their nomadic ways. There were missions of this type in the towns of Tucson and Tubac, which were abandoned by the missionaries and taken over by the Latino population, which in its early days, numbered around five hundred. The Hispanic settlements were centralized around multitude establishments, mostly because of a fear of the native people, the Pinal Apaches, who were characterized by their raids for horses, food, and other staples. In 1821, Mexico achieved independence from Spain, and the military outposts were completely under Hispanic control they no longer were under Spanish rule and could make military decisions about the tribes on their own.With this newfound independence, the Mexicans began dealing in peace treaties with the local tribes. On March 5, 1837, the military government in Tucson signed a scroll with their perennial enemies, the Pi nal Apaches (Officer, 137), which transported the tribe to the barren Arivaipa Creek, and contained a stipulation that the Apaches could only travel through the Tucson stronghold with the permission of the commander. Placing the Indians on reservations, which created land claims that were their own, seemed to have no reciprocative effect with the Mexicans.Although the tribes were not allowed to trespass on Mexican territory, the Mexicans did not care who trod on the newly claimed tribal lands. According to James E. Officer, in his book Hispanic Arizona, 1356-1856, .

Soldiers Home :: essays papers

Soldiers HomeCritical Analysis of Soldiers Home Before, During, and After the war (with bibliography)Many of the titles of Ernest Hemingways stories are ironic, and can beread on a number of levels Soldiers Home is no exception. Our firstimpression, having read the title only, is that this story go off beabout a old soldier living out the remainder of his life in aninstitution where veterans go to die. We soon find out that the storyhas nothing to do with the elderly, or institutions rather, it tellsthe story of a immature man, Harold Krebs, only recently returned from domain War I, who has moved back into his parents house eon hefigures out what he wants to do with the rest of his life. And yet ourfirst impression lingers, and with good reason despite the fact thathis parents comfortable, middle-class lifestyle utilise to feel like hometo Harold Krebs, it no longer does. Harold is not home he has no homeat all. This is actually not an uncommon scenario among young people(such as college students) returning into the womb of their childhoodagain. But with Harold, the situation is more dramatic because he hasnot only lived on his own, but has dealt with -- and been traumatizedby -- life-and-death situations his parents could not possiblyunderstand. Hemingway does not divulge why Krebs was the last personin his home town to return home from the war agree to the KansasCity Star, Hemingway himself left Kansas City in the spring of 1918and did not return for 10 years, becoming the first of 132 formerStar employees to be wounded in World War I, according to a Stararticle at the sequence of his death (Kansas City Star, hem6.htm).Wherever he was in the intervening time, by the time Harold gets home,the novelty of the returning soldier has long since worn off. All theother former soldiers have found a niche for themselves in thecommunity, but Harold require a while longer to get his bearings heplays pool, practiced on his clarinet, strolled down town, read, and went to bed (Hemingway, 146). What he is doing, of course, is killingtime. The problem, of course, has to do with Harolds definition ofwho he has become. He recognizes he has changed, and this change isplayed out dramatically against the backdrop of a town where nothingelse has changed since he was in high school. His father parks his cable carin the same place its still the same car the girls walking down the

World Trade Organization is the Way to Go Essay -- Commerce GATT Argum

macrocosm consider Organization is the Way to Goalways since man has been engaged in international commerce, trade disputes postulate existed. Adam Smith observed trade disputes everyplace 220 years ago in The wealth of Nations. In Smiths eyes, if a trading partner imposed restrictions on your exports, then you had the right to punish and impose restrictions on their imports. He mat that coloured trade dispute gag law was the right thing to do. However, Smiths answer to settling trade disputes was shortsighted. In an geological era where his home country, England, was the superpower of its time, Smith could not foresee the creation of an international organization to regulate trade and commerce around the world. With the creation of the General promise on Tariffs and guile (GATT) in 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, the world is capable of handling trade disputes between nations. The creation of the WTO and its improvements upon the GATT fr amework have proven that trade disputes are give way settled through a multilateral system and not unilaterally.The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 was a step in the right direction for handling trade disputes. At that time there was no international dispute resolution system in effect. Countries handled disputes either bilaterally or unilaterally. However, the GATT dispute settlement system was rather weak and not used effectively. More than often countries mistreated it or simply ignored it. scour with these faults, the GATT provided a strong foundation for the WTO to be built upon after the Uruguay Round.The United States took advantage of the weakness of the GATT dispute settlement system use its own unilateral methods to handle di... ... January 1998. Explaining Patterns of GATT/WTO Trade Complaints. Working Paper. Weatherhead Center for external Affairs. Available at https//wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/wps/sec01/sec01.htmlSmith, A dam. 1776 (1981 reprint). An Inquiry into the disposition and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis Liberty Fund.Valihora, Michael S. move/Summer 1998. NAFTA Chapter 19 or the WTOs Dispute Settlement Body A Hobsons Choice for Canada? crusade Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Volume 30 Numbers 2, 3, pages 447-487.World Trade Organization. February 1998. Case StudyThe Timetable in Practice. Available at http//www.wto.org/wto/ closely/dispute3.htmWorld Trade Organization. February 1998. WTO, Settling Disputes The WTOs most individual contribution Available at http//www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute1.htm World Trade Organization is the Way to Go Essay -- Commerce GATT ArgumWorld Trade Organization is the Way to GoEver since man has been engaged in international commerce, trade disputes have existed. Adam Smith observed trade disputes over 220 years ago in The Wealth of Nations. In Smiths eyes, if a trading partner imposed restrictions on your exports, then you had the right to retaliate and impose restrictions on their imports. He felt that unilateral trade dispute settlement was the right thing to do. However, Smiths answer to settling trade disputes was shortsighted. In an era where his home country, England, was the superpower of its time, Smith could not foresee the creation of an international organization to regulate trade and commerce around the world. With the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, the world is capable of handling trade disputes between nations. The creation of the WTO and its improvements upon the GATT framework have proven that trade disputes are better settled through a multilateral system and not unilaterally.The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 was a step in the right direction for handling trade disputes. At that time there was no international dispute sett lement system in effect. Countries handled disputes either bilaterally or unilaterally. However, the GATT dispute settlement system was rather weak and not used effectively. More than often countries abused it or simply ignored it. Even with these faults, the GATT provided a strong foundation for the WTO to be built upon after the Uruguay Round.The United States took advantage of the weakness of the GATT dispute settlement system use its own unilateral methods to handle di... ... January 1998. Explaining Patterns of GATT/WTO Trade Complaints. Working Paper. Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. Available at https//wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/wps/sec01/sec01.htmlSmith, Adam. 1776 (1981 reprint). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis Liberty Fund.Valihora, Michael S. Spring/Summer 1998. NAFTA Chapter 19 or the WTOs Dispute Settlement Body A Hobsons Choice for Canada? Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Volume 30 Numb ers 2, 3, pages 447-487.World Trade Organization. February 1998. Case StudyThe Timetable in Practice. Available at http//www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute3.htmWorld Trade Organization. February 1998. WTO, Settling Disputes The WTOs most individual contribution Available at http//www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute1.htm

:: Papers

The Atkins Diet Is it healthy? Dr Robert Atkins Born 17-10-1930 Died 17-04-2003 IMAGEDr Atkins, the creator of the Atkins Diet. His unconventional theories on regimen have changed the way Americans think about take in. Atkins low-carbohydrate approach and 4 step program have become an obsession for many people at a time when two thirds of Americans are overweight or obese. But the Atkins diet has its disagreement, some of whom say that its emphasis on steep cholesterol foods can flummox it dangerous. The Atkins diet promises that not sole(prenominal) you will lose weight and not be hungry with a low carbohydrate diet, but youll also be on the road to better heart health and memory function, as well as other wellness benefits. Dr Atkins philosophy is that if you follow his diet and give-up the ghost highly refined carbohydrates, you will Burn fat fast, instead of carbohydrates, and lose weight quickly. Stave off hunger between meals becau se high-protein diets are more satiating than high carbohydrates ones. As protein digested slowly in the system, high protein diets also stabilise blood sugar levels, which can prevent common conditions such as fatigue, depression, headaches, joint and brawny pains. Improve your health because as you burn fat you will eliminate toxins stored in fat cells. The diet plan allows you to eat foods that many dieters have only dreamed about. The diet plan is said to work even if other diets have left you feeling depressed and deprived. The diet Atkins at a see * Sets few limits on the amount of food you eat but instead severely restricts the kind of food allowed on your plate no refined sugar, milk, gabardine rice, or white flour * Allows you to eat foods traditionally regarded as rich meat, eggs, cheese, and more * Claims to reduce your appetite in the process * On the Atkins diet, youre eating almost pure protein and fat.

Comparative Analysis of Shall I compare thee to a summers day? and The

Comparative Analysis of Shall I comp are thee to a summers day? by William Shakespeare and The Flea by John Donne Shall I compare thee by Shakespeare focuses on romantic love, whereas Donnes verse form, The Flea is all about seduction and energiseual love. The situations in the two poems are precise different. In Shall I compare thee, the poet is shown as a lover who is addressing his lady. His tone is gentle and romantic. He starts with a rhetorical question to which he must serve and then he does not put demand upon the lady. The poem gives the impression that it is set perhaps in his room, where he is composing his poem. One thing is for sure as shooting and that is that the woman he is addressing is not with him, because all the way through the poem, there is no response from her. Shakespeare wants to emphasize her beauty. In The Flea the poet is directly appealing to the woman or his mistress. They come along to be in bed together with a flea, but no sex seems to have taken place. If it had, then the situation would be precise different. The poet has seduced her as far as the bedroom and at this point, it seems as though he is going to try a new strategy. The woman does not come on to be very keen and is resisting his advances. Compared with Donnes poem, in Shall I compare thee the poet is simply flattering the woman and wants her to like him. It is also one-sided, unlike in The Flea where the woman gives her views as well. Shall I compare thee is similar to First Love by John Clare in this way. In First Love, only the poets views are shown and therefore it is also one-sided. In The Flea the poets aim is to have sex with ... ..., and tetrameters, which are eight syllable lines. Donne uses an obvious three-part argument, or syllogism, where he uses the flea to construction it. Shakespeare uses a sonnet, which was a traditional way of writing about romantic love. Donnes poem is much than dexterous in which he uses persuasive and rhetorical devices. The comparisons Shakespeare uses are passionate and interesting, but Donnes poem is more enjoyable to read since it uses wit and a foxy structure to make it entertaining. The farfetched idea of using a flea to persuade a woman for sex is very unusual and makes the poem more enjoyable. Shakespeares poem is more typical of a love poem, since the language he uses is more affectionate, but I have found Donnes more appealing to read because the wit and surfeit of the poem is so unexpected. Comparative Analysis of Shall I compare thee to a summers day? and TheComparative Analysis of Shall I compare thee to a summers day? by William Shakespeare and The Flea by John Donne Shall I compare thee by Shakespeare focuses on romantic love, whereas Donnes poem, The Flea is all about seduction and sexual love. The situations in the two poems are very different. In Shall I compare thee, the p oet is shown as a lover who is addressing his lady. His tone is gentle and romantic. He starts with a rhetorical question to which he must answer and therefore he does not put demand upon the lady. The poem gives the impression that it is set perhaps in his room, where he is composing his poem. One thing is for sure and that is that the woman he is addressing is not with him, because all the way through the poem, there is no response from her. Shakespeare wants to emphasize her beauty. In The Flea the poet is directly appealing to the woman or his mistress. They seem to be in bed together with a flea, but no sex seems to have taken place. If it had, then the situation would be very different. The poet has seduced her as far as the bedroom and at this point, it seems as though he is going to try a new strategy. The woman does not appear to be very keen and is resisting his advances. Compared with Donnes poem, in Shall I compare thee the poet is simply fl attering the woman and wants her to like him. It is also one-sided, unlike in The Flea where the woman gives her views as well. Shall I compare thee is similar to First Love by John Clare in this way. In First Love, only the poets views are shown and therefore it is also one-sided. In The Flea the poets aim is to have sex with ... ..., and tetrameters, which are eight syllable lines. Donne uses an obvious three-part argument, or syllogism, where he uses the flea to structure it. Shakespeare uses a sonnet, which was a traditional way of writing about romantic love. Donnes poem is more intellectual in which he uses persuasive and rhetorical devices. The comparisons Shakespeare uses are passionate and interesting, but Donnes poem is more enjoyable to read since it uses wit and a clever structure to make it entertaining. The farfetched idea of using a flea to persuade a woman for sex is very unusual and makes the poem more enjoyable. Shakespeares poem is m ore typical of a love poem, since the language he uses is more affectionate, but I have found Donnes more appealing to read because the wittiness and content of the poem is so unexpected.

Comparative Analysis of Shall I compare thee to a summers day? and The

Comparative Analysis of Shall I analyse thee to a summers day? by William Shakespe atomic number 18 and The Flea by John Donne Shall I equate thee by Shakespeare focuses on romanticistic love, whereas Donnes meter, The Flea is all about seduction and sexual love. The situations in the two poems are very different. In Shall I compare thee, the poet is shown as a rooter who is addressing his lady. His olfactory sensation is gentle and romantic. He starts with a rhetorical question to which he must answer and in that locationfore he does not put demand upon the lady. The poem gives the movie that it is set perhaps in his room, where he is composing his poem. One thing is for sure and that is that the woman he is addressing is not with him, because all the way by dint of the poem, there is no response from her. Shakespeare wants to emphasize her beauty. In The Flea the poet is directly appealing to the woman or his mistress. They seem to be in bed tog ether with a flea, besides no sex seems to have taken place. If it had, then the situation would be very different. The poet has seduced her as far as the bedroom and at this point, it seems as though he is going to try a new strategy. The woman does not appear to be very keen and is resisting his advances. Compared with Donnes poem, in Shall I compare thee the poet is only when flattering the woman and wants her to like him. It is also one-sided, unlike in The Flea where the woman gives her views as well. Shall I compare thee is similar to First Love by John Clare in this way. In First Love, only the poets views are shown and therefore it is also one-sided. In The Flea the poets aim is to have sex with ... ..., and tetrameters, which are eight syllable lines. Donne uses an obvious three-part argument, or syllogism, where he uses the flea to expression it. Shakespeare uses a sonnet, which was a traditional way of writing about romantic love. Donnes poem is more(prenominal) intellectual in which he uses persuasive and rhetorical devices. The comparisons Shakespeare uses are hot and interesting, but Donnes poem is more enjoyable to read since it uses wit and a clever structure to make it entertaining. The farfetched idea of using a flea to dribble a woman for sex is very unusual and makes the poem more enjoyable. Shakespeares poem is more typical of a love poem, since the language he uses is more affectionate, but I have found Donnes more appealing to read because the wittiness and content of the poem is so unexpected. Comparative Analysis of Shall I compare thee to a summers day? and TheComparative Analysis of Shall I compare thee to a summers day? by William Shakespeare and The Flea by John Donne Shall I compare thee by Shakespeare focuses on romantic love, whereas Donnes poem, The Flea is all about seduction and sexual love. The situations in the two poems are very different. In Sha ll I compare thee, the poet is shown as a lover who is addressing his lady. His tone is gentle and romantic. He starts with a rhetorical question to which he must answer and therefore he does not put demand upon the lady. The poem gives the impression that it is set perhaps in his room, where he is composing his poem. One thing is for sure and that is that the woman he is addressing is not with him, because all the way through the poem, there is no response from her. Shakespeare wants to emphasize her beauty. In The Flea the poet is directly appealing to the woman or his mistress. They seem to be in bed together with a flea, but no sex seems to have taken place. If it had, then the situation would be very different. The poet has seduced her as far as the bedroom and at this point, it seems as though he is going to try a new strategy. The woman does not appear to be very keen and is resisting his advances. Compared with Donnes poem, in Shall I compare th ee the poet is simply flattering the woman and wants her to like him. It is also one-sided, unlike in The Flea where the woman gives her views as well. Shall I compare thee is similar to First Love by John Clare in this way. In First Love, only the poets views are shown and therefore it is also one-sided. In The Flea the poets aim is to have sex with ... ..., and tetrameters, which are eight syllable lines. Donne uses an obvious three-part argument, or syllogism, where he uses the flea to structure it. Shakespeare uses a sonnet, which was a traditional way of writing about romantic love. Donnes poem is more intellectual in which he uses persuasive and rhetorical devices. The comparisons Shakespeare uses are passionate and interesting, but Donnes poem is more enjoyable to read since it uses wit and a clever structure to make it entertaining. The farfetched idea of using a flea to persuade a woman for sex is very unusual and makes the poem more enjoyab le. Shakespeares poem is more typical of a love poem, since the language he uses is more affectionate, but I have found Donnes more appealing to read because the wittiness and content of the poem is so unexpected.

My Most Embarrassing Moment

My Most Embarrassing Moment Some things are easier to call, than to forget. I posterior remember my most embarrassing moment as if it happened yesterday. Ive tried to forget ab forbidden this moment all my life, but it effective never goes away. I can think back to that day and clean laugh. I was nine forms old, and I was attending elementary school. I was starting my fourth grade year with no friends. I was a quiet and shy person, so I never hung out with the other kids. After a few months I draw off to make friends and wasnt so shy anymore, until one day. It was Monday December 10, 1999. Like any other day I got up and ready for school.I notice that it was precise cold outside, so I asked my mom to drop me off at school. On my arrival, I immediately entered the school and went downstairs to the cafeteria, where I met with some of my sectionalizationmates. meter passed by and the first bell ran and everyone including myself started heading upstairs to homeroom. My homeroom was on the quaternate floor. I used to hate this because by the time I would get to the 4th floor, I would be tired and running out of breath. While trying to my catch breath, I had to walk all the way down this long hallway, just to get to my classroom, which was room 313.I finally got there, and immediately went inside the classroom, and said hi to my teacher Miss. Fitzgerald. I sat down in my assign commit, which was the first seat on the second row. As we were waiting for the rest of the class to come in, my friend Raul, who was sitting behind me said hi. He usually didnt chatter to me, because I was too shy. And I didnt talk to him, because he was consider the cutes boy in my class, who every girl used to alike(p). But to me he was just like any other boy who pretended to be a young Justin Timberlake, but with no fame. We exchanged a few words and thence the teacher begun to lecture.Hours when by and it was finally time for lunch. After forming a line, we started to go dow nstairs to the cafeteria. As we went down, I started to smell the food, which that day we were having pizza. It smelled like juicy give up melting down in warm tomato sauce I couldnt wait to sit and eat. Shortly after that, it was time to return to class. one time again, we made a line and headed upstairs. As we got to the fourth floor, I felt someone touch my butt. I turn around quickly to figure out who had touched me inappropriately and the only person I saw behind me was my friend Raul.I didnt know what to do, my heart was pumping like if I had just gotten observe by zombies. I was so scared that I started to cry. Everyone gazed at me, wondering what was wrong. In the meantime, my teacher Miss. Fitzgerald kept asking me in a loud olfactory sensation of voice, What is the problem Coyna? I didnt want to answer her in front of the whole class. She then kept asking me the same question in louder expression of voice. I had no choice, but to tell her out loud, Raul touched my bu tt At the moment, my body went numb. My face turned red as a strawberry.I was so embarrass because no one has ever touched me like that before. Everyone kept looking at me with eagle eyes, as if I was their prey hunt. In my take care I just keep saying oh my god why did this happened to me and why are all eyes on me. I felt so ill at ease(predicate) that I wanted to hide under a rock and not come out in years. We finally got to the classroom where Miss. Fitzgerald ordered the rest of the class to go inside. She then asked Raul if what I was saying was true, and Raul denied everything making me look like a liar. Consequently, the teacher didnt do anything but give Raul a warning.Afterward, I felt very embarrass and didnt talk to anybody for a whole week, including the teacher. Finally, every time I think about this experience in uncomplicated School I cant help myself but to laugh. I was only nine years old in the fourth grade, who would had thought that something like this could had happen to me. It was not a pleasant situation I just wish I was matured luxuriant to handle it differently. However, I was fortunate enough to learn from such experience, even though I am still embarrassed about that day. Just remember that what happens unexpectedly stays forever as a memory.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Case Study Essay

Skeeter Buck has had 4 years of joint pain with many real severe occasions. He complains of bad weather in his wrists, hands, knees, and feet. The stiffness seems to last anywhere from 30 minutes to 2 hours in the morning. When his joints are sore he is very unstable and feels as though he has no balance. The joint pain does not occur on a regular basis that when it does, he tends to lose his appetite. Medication Cortisone shot (every 3 months), Aleve, Tylenol Medical History 4 years of joint pain. Recently symptoms worsened. Family History grannie and mother have derelict arthritis and have had surgery.Grandma had a hip replacement and his mother had a knee replacement. Most of his family is overweight alone in that location is no history of diabetes or heart ailment. Social Lifestyle Married with 2 children and wife is pregnant with their third. Lives in North Bay where he is the bus at a bank. He walks with a cane when his flare ups are bad. Lifestyle History Enjoys playi ng with the kids. He is as active as he can be without being in pain. He helps coach the hockey team his oldest son plays on. Wife is a dietician and so he take healthy meals on a regular basis.Risk Factors He is a non-smoker, regular cholesterol levels, and normal blood glucose levels. Physical Examination General expression Looks healthy, comfortable and has great colour in face. Vital Signs Blood Pressure = 123/82 mmHg in both arms, Pulse = 72 beats per minute, Respiration= 17 breaths per minute, Mass= 82 kg, Height = 70 in. (175 cm), BMI= 27, Waist Circumference = 34in. Cardiovascular No carotid bruits, no jugular venous distension, clear lungs, normal plosive of impulse, regular rate and rhythm, no extra heart sounds, no edema, normal peripheral vascular exam.Skin no rashes, a bit red, swollen and unassailable some knuckles on hands and feet. Musculoskeletal walks slow due to pain, joints on the hands and feet are a bit swollen, does not have a full range of motion in his joints. Neurologic Normal cranial nerves, loss of fine motor skills in hand, normal sensory exam. Resting Electrocardiogram in front Exercise Test Sinus rhythm, rate= 72 beats per minute, no Q waves, ST or T wave abnormalities. Computer interpretation is normal electrocardiogram. Diagnosis rheumatoid arthritis in wrists, hands, knees, and feet causing stiffness in the morning and pain throughout the day especially after more than normal use of the joints. This causes put to mould bigotry and fatigue. Plan Complete a standard cycle ergometer test and initiate a training program focussing on increasing exercise tolerance, muscle strength, and range of motion. ** Please refer to following pages for pre-screen and informed consent forms ** PATHOPHYSIOLOGY woebegone Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis and an autoimmune disease.An autoimmune disease is one where the bodys immune system becomes confused and begins to attack its own body. In rheumatoid ar thritis the target of the immune attack is the lining of the joints (synovial) and sometimes other internal organs. This causes swelling, pain, inflammation, and joint destruction. Inflammatory cells release enzymes that can digest bone and cartilage causing limited bone motion. This inflammation of joints usually occurs in a symmetrical and bilateral pattern (what happens on one side of the body, happens on the other).Rheumatoid arthritis is also characterized by aggravations and remissions ( degrees of time with intensified symptoms followed by period of time with reduced symptoms). Rheumatoid arthritis usually begins slowly, starting with only a few joints and spreading to others over a period of a few weeks to a few months. People with rheumatoid arthritis have impaired exercise tolerance. The disease affects flexibility, biomechanical efficiency, muscle strength, selection, and speed, which contributes to functional limitations.There are three levels of classifying rheumatoid arthritis disease stages 1. shrewd reversible signs and symptoms in the joint related to synovitis 2. degenerative stable but irreversible structural persecute brought on by the disease process 3. Chronic with acute exacerbation of joint symptoms change magnitude pain and decreased range of motion and function often related to overuse or superimposed injury. (3) determine(12) Signs and Symptoms of Concern (13)You should see your doctor if you pick up any of the following symptoms for more than two weeks Feel unusual pain and stiffness in your jointsPain and stiffness in the morning lasting more than 30-60 minutes before you feel any relief Feel more fatigued than normal Lack of hungriness leading to weight loss Importance of Exercise for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Although people with rheumatoid arthritis may be hesitant to exercise due to pain they experience within their joints, on-line(prenominal) evidence suggests that a significant amount of disability related to the condition occurs from lack of fitness. By not exercising, muscle strength and endurance begins to deteriorate.This weakens the joint and contributes to accelerating the speed or arthritis. By not exercising you are also putting yourself at risk for other chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis. The American College of Sport Medicine outlines three goals for exercise and arthritis. The goals are 1) preserve or restore range of motion and flexibility around the affected joints 2) increase muscle strength and endurance to build joint stability 3) increase aerobic capability in order to enhance psychological state and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.(8) Although long term cause of dynamic weight bearing exercise on those with rheumatoid arthritis remains unclear, current data suggests that vigorous exercise may be used to improve joint mobility, muscle strength, and aerobic capacity without causing joint damage (except when at that place is an acute joint inflammation or uncontrolled systemic disease)(8). Those with rheumatoid arthritis should remember that post exercise discomfort should be expected, but activities causing increased joint pain enduring for greater than two hours post-exercise should be discontinued.As previously mentioned, people with rheumatoid arthritis often have little aerobic capacity due to inactivity, but it has been shown to be a safe and beneficial form of treatment for those who are not experiencing acute symptoms. The American College of Sports Medicine suggests that people with rheumatoid arthritis should participate in large muscle activities such as walk of life, cycling, rowing, swimming, and dance at 60-80% of their peak heart rate or 40-60% VO2max, a rate of perceive exertion (RPE) rating of 11-16, 3-5 days per week for five minute sessions building up to thirty minutes.When working with people with rheumatoid arthritis, it is important to emphasis date is more impor tant than intensity with goals of increasing VO2max, peak work, and endurance within 4-6 months. It is also important to have at least fifteen minutes of prolusion and cool-down. (8) MEDICATION Although there is no specific cure for rheumatoid arthritis at the present, there are a range of medications available to manage the symptoms to improve the condition. Rheumatoid medications can be classified into different classes such as NSAIDs, Corticosteroids, DMARDs, Biological Agents, Salicylates, and Pain Relief Medications.Your doctor will most likely use a combination of these drugs to alleviate pain and prevent further damage to the joints. NSAIDs NSAIDs or Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs are effective in pain relief and inflammation reduction, but do not serve to protect the joints from further damage. NSAIDs prevent your body from producing a substance called prostaglandins, which is primarily responsible for inflammation and pain. When taken in extreme point dosages for a long time, these drugs can produce severe side effects, such as stomach bleeding, gastric ulcers, as well as potential damage to the kidneys and liver.Corticosteroids Corticosteroids suppress the immune system, thus managing inflammation. Although these may be very effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis, they have been said to trigger adverse side effects if used in prolonged periods. Examples of these side effects include easy bruising, glaucoma, cataracts, diabetes, excessive weight gain, and thinning of the bones. DMARDs DMARDS or Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs are groups of medications that serve to keep down the immune system from damaging the joints, thus slowing further joint damage.Rheumatoid arthritis causes permanent joint damage in the early stages and so it is very important to start these medications right away. The risks for severe side effects are high with these medications. Taking DMARDs for a long time may result in bone marrow and liver toxicity, vuln erability to infections, skin allergies, and autoimmunity. Biological Agents Biological agents or biological drugs function to alleviate inflammation via various methods. An example of how they work is by inhibiting tumour necrosis factors.They also can treat inflammation through eradicating Beta cells. Salicylates Salicylates reduce the bodys production of prostaglandins. The use of salicylates has been replaced with NSAIDs, in the first place due to the fact that they caused adverse side effects. Pain Relief Medications While anti-pain drugs neither decrease inflammation nor suppress further joint damage, these medications allow the undivided become more comfortable and eventually function better. (2) PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLTo determine baseline levels and the areas exercise is in need of improvement, exercise examen can be used to evaluate the different exercise parameters. Those with rheumatoid arthritis tolerate sub-maximal and subjective symptom-limited treadmill tests that require less than 3 miles per hour walking speed. Early-onset muscle fatigue may limit receiving accurate information. Since people with rheumatoid arthritis may have troubles performing maximal treadmill test, sub-maximal bicycle tests may allow for more accurate information without over-stressing joints.

Religious and Ethnic Diversity Paper Essay

The unearthly group that I vex chosen is Hinduism and the ethnic/racial group that is not my own that I have chosen is Black (African Descent). I have chosen these ii to explain how they are similar and how they are different. Hinduism is a religion that most plenty know nothing about. They are one of the worlds oldest religions as it has no beginning and precedes recorded history. Hinduism is a religion that leads the individual to person all(prenominal)y figure the truth within themselves and reach full consciousness where man and God are one.After reading I have found that Hinduism differs from other religious groups because they reckon in reincarnation whereas the other religious groups believe that once a person dies they either will go to heaven or sanatorium depending on how they were when they were alive. The experience of Hinduism and others that do not share their beliefs or practices is criticism. They are often judged and criticized because they fail to distinguish between revelations. This religious group has contributed to American acculturation because they dont believe in violence.They also contributed to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. any(prenominal) examples of prejudice and diversity against Hinduism would be the Caste system or reflection that they all burn their wives as well as discriminate against India where most come from. After reading the information to write this paper I must(prenominal) say it has helped me to understand this religion because I didnt know that they were so much criticized. From what I read it seems like a very peaceful religion. They believe in reincarnation which I believe is possible, I mean, why does a person have to go to heaven or hell?I find that their religion is against violence which we definitely could have less of. The racial group that I have chosen was Black of African descent. This group differs from others because they have gone(a) through so much over the years. Th ey have experience slavery which many other religions havent as they more so experienced discrimination. Blacks have not had such a great experience with other races because of always being mistreated because of their seeming. I think that they were brought over for slavery and til now experience this even now these days from certain types of other races.Blacks have contributed to American culture though stemma and through entertainment. Most of the entertainment business is African American as well as sports and now we even have a black president. All very good contributions to American culture. Some examples of discrimination would be things like unequal pay for blacks performing the same work as whites, isolating blacks to only work in certain areas or specific locations, routinely denying blacks promotions, laying off blacks while whites keep their jobs and take on theirs as well.All of these are prime examples of discrimination that blacks go through in the United States. T he sources of this discrimination would be whites or other races that were not black. Most of the cases that I read about though were whites legato discriminating against black even after all the movements to move past racism. What I learned about this racial group is that even after all these years they are still faced with discrimination more than other racial groups. I cant really say that I have learned any more than I already knew just because I see this happen regularly.I have a black/Cuban fiance and I have seen jobs do these things to him and now we have 2 boys that are mixed with white and black and have seen them faced with discrimination just because of the chroma of their skin. In conclusion, I believe that Hinduism and Black (African descent) both experience similar discrimination if the fact that they are perceived by first impressions and by the color of their skin. They are not given the luxury of being spoken with or getting to know them without the preconceived notion of their skin color. Both Hinduism and Blacks contribute to American culture business wise and yet many fail to know that.I cant really say they are different because these two groups both experience prejudice and discrimination quite often. They are both groups of people that have done nothing wrong and just want to be a part of the world. References Nine Beliefs of Hinduism. (2013). Retrieved from http//www. himalayanacademy. com/readlearn/basics/nine-beliefs Hinduism and the Encounter with Other Faiths. (2008). Retrieved from http//www. worlddialogue. org/content. php? id=59 The Black Factor. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//theblackfactor. blogspot. com/2008/03/examples-of-discrimination-harassment. html.

Police Officer Job Description Essay

All guard officers take on a basic range of tasks that are either preventive or proactive. Preventive tasks include the breeding of protection to the person and property of individuals, preservation of peace and order through their presence and accessibility, and prevention of crime by patrolling the streets. Proactive tasks are searching and cop criminal offenders and enforcing integritys such as traffic and road safety regulations. (Criminal Justice USA, 2008 Los Angeles Police Department, 2008) These tasks require a number of qualifying criteria for police officers.One is somatogenetic fitness since the completion of police work becomes more efficient with physically fit police officers. This is the reason why police officers undergo physical training such as the physical agility test and medical examination before qualifying to work the job. Another is psychological fitness since police officers acquire to develop the values and attitude urgencyed for them to use their au thority within the bounds of the law as law enforcers such as social skills. abide is mental and other skills and experience, including driving skills for street patrol, keen eyesight and observation skills, and basic knowledge of the law and legal processes. (Police Oracle, 2008) At a minimum, a advanced school diploma or equivalent qualification is required for police officers (Criminal Justice USA, 2008). In addition, continued academic and field learning improves the ability of police officers to meet their job. As such, police officers need to develop commitment and dedication to their job since this not only enables them to perform their work effectively but besides enhances continued efficiency.In the performance of this range of tasks, police officers take on line and staff jobs. Line jobs pertain to the direct accomplishment of the tasks of police officers peculiarly field work while staff jobs pertain to support for line work such as administrative and other support tas ks (Police Oracle, 2008). Police officers need to master not only line jobs but also staff jobs to support and maintain the sound organizational or functional structure of the law enforcement agency inn providing public service.

Evolution of Hrm

History and Evolution of HRM Personnel Management Personnel departments were once callight-emitting diode Health and Happiness departments. The people assigned to deal with military force issues were often someones, who were non able to do other jobs efficiently. Personnel Managements as a corporate field developed in the early 1900s. It was seen as activity, necessary, that unimportant, part of the administration. Over the years personnel management came to focus on efficient procedures and rules for administering large numbers of employees in various firms.Its aim was to manage difficulties, record fair systems and reduce costs. It also tended to focus on groups sort of than individuals and, incidentally, reinforced labour-management divisions. The History of Human imaginativeness Management The field of HRM as it currently exists has got by lot of transition. Following are the phases in the transition of HRM- (a) The Individual Revolution During this phase machines were i ntroduced into various organizations and technology made rapid progress.Due to fragmentation and specialization of work, numerous workers lost their jobs and many workers felt their work to be dull, boring and monotonous. Workers were treated like tools, and moreover employees were keen to increase the production targets rather than satisfy workers demands. (b) scientific Management With the introduction of Scientific Management given by F. W. Taylor, efficiency in organizations was increased . Work was rearranged according to systematic analysis into smallest mechanical elements which was mot effective combination.Taylor emphasized on the fact that the individuals selected to perform the task should be perfectly matched, physically as well as mentally. Proper training should be given to the employees so that they can do their job more efficiently. (c) Trade Unionism As the employees become more exploitive, the workers running(a)s in the organizations joined hold to fight agains t injustice done to them in the shape of Trade Unions tried to improve the problems faced by the workers through collective bargaining.They helped in resolving the grievances of the workers relating to working conditions, pay and benefits, disciplinary actions, etc. (d) Human Relations Movement The famous Hawthorne experiments conducted by Elton Mayo during 1930s and 1940s demonstrated that employee productivity was affected not only by the get on job was designed, and the monetary aspects, but by certain social and psychological factors as well. The human relations movement led to various behavioral science techniques in industry for the very first time.This movement included support for training programs, support and concern for workers, counseling programs for workers, etc. (e) Human Resource Approach However, but during early 60s the pet milk theory.. that happy workers are more productive workers as happy intimidate gives more milk . Of human relations was largely rejected. In human resource approach it was recognized that workers are unique in their own way having individual needs. It was recognized that each employee is a unique and highly complex individual with different wants, needs and values.Slowly but steadily, the trend moved towards treating employees as resources or assets. Evolution of the Concept of HRM The various stages or phases in the transition or evolution of Personnel Management into Human Resource Management are shown at a lower place (a)The Commodity ConceptLabor was regarded as a commodity to a tool to be bought or sold (b) The Factor of Production Concept aim is like any other factor of production, viz. money, materials, land etc. (c) The Goodwill Concept Welfare measures like safety, first aid, lunch room, rest room will have a positive impact on workers productivity. d) The Paternalistic Concept Management must assume a fatherly or safety-related attitude towards employee. It means satisfying the various needs of employee s as parents meet the requirements of their child. (e) The Humanitarian Concept To improve productivity, physical, social and psychological needs of workers must be fulfilled and met. (f) The Human Resource Concept Employees are the most valuable assets in the organization. (g) The Emerging Concept Employees should be accepted as partners of the organization.They should belong to the organization as they are running their own organization. Scope of HRM The main aim of HRM is Competitive advantage through people. It involves the following points- (a) Change in Thinking function Achieving competitive success through people involves fundamentally changing the thinking of the concerns, that how they think about the workforce consisting of people an the management-employment relationship. (b) Co-operation with Employees It means achieving success by working with people, not by replacing them or limiting the scope of their activities. c) Strategic Viewpoint It involves seeing the workfor ce as a source of strategic advantage, not just a cost to be minimized. Distinction Personnel Management/HRM/HRD The sole purpose of personnel management was to attain advantage and best results for the organization. The individuals interests, desires and aspirations were submerged into the organization objectives and goals. Where as, HRM projects the development of individual in accordance with his interests, desires & aspirations. So that the individuals would be motivated to make their best contribution towards the accomplishment of goals.While personnel function was designed to respond to the organization objectives like profit of maximization, HRM visualized human elements of enterprise as important resources. The term human resources at the macro level spell the total sum of all the components (like skill & creative ability) possessed by all the people, where as the term personnel even at the macro level is limited to only employees of all organization. One must not be under impression that HRM has replaced traditional personnel management rather we can say that HRM has absorbed the personnel function in its refined form.HRD is an integral part of Human Resource Management. Due to the amalgation of Personnel function in its refined way with HRM, it became necessary for every organization to develop skills, talents, potentialities, capabilities and attitude of company work to meet the emerging challenges. Hence HRD policies have been adopted. HRD strategies are sibyllic to bring forth necessary changes in skills capabilities and attitudes of people who are required to cope with the emerging changes. Thus HRD has become an integral part of Human Resource Management.Personnel Management Human Resource Management Personnel Management Human Resource Management Labor is treated as a tool which is standardized Treats people as a resource or as an asset to be issued for the benefit of an organization Interests of organization are upper most A distinct ph ilosophy aiming at mutuality of interests A not so important function meant only to hire employees and maintain their records Integrated into overall back-to-back management Precedes human resources management Latest in the evolution of subject

Literature and imagination Essay

In Critical Approaches to Literature, David Daiches has said that the tomography, in its primary manifestation, is the great nineing prescript, an agency which enables us both to discriminate and to order, to separate and to synthesize, and thus makes perception possible, for with aside it, we would have only a collection of meaningless sensory data. literary theory and poetry materialize concurrently, for poets have a strong tendency to form opinions about their craft and to use these opinions as part of the message of their poems. image is undoubtedly inherent in literary productions, the prime component in any work of art, unless this view has been a cause of debate since the dawn of literature and criticism. As with most dissentions and philosophy regarding literature and its attendant features, the first records of this debate are to be found in the germinal works of Aristotle and Plato. Writing at a time when the poet was venerated for his work, and the philosopher persec uted for his, it is but natural that Plato would react negatively towards poetry.He regarded it as existence fundamentally unsound and his view of imagination was much the same, since the imagination is the wellspring from which poetry arises. Imagination was inspirational and emotional, and he did not agree or identify with it for he did not find it logical. Aristotle, on the other hand, admit that art represented reality, and that imagination was an important element of the structuring and creating of art. Horace, while admitting that poets utilized fiction and often mingled facts with fancy, put forth a synthesis of Aristotle and Platos views.According to him, the end function of poetry is to please and instruct, a mixture of pleasure and profit appeals to every reader and hence, imagination took on a evenhandedly central position. John Dryden, a Seventeenth Century liberal and neo- classical critic, acknowledged imagination as inspiration breathd into man by God. Increasin gly we observe that, as it is investigated down the ages, the primary human faculty of imagination becomes inseparable from poetry- Dryden acknowledged both the didactic and aesthetic nature of poetry.The experimental condition Fancy, so commonly used, was coined by him. Pope, in accordance to the vigorous structural formalism of the Augustans, declares that imagination was native, but that it should be kept infra control, for there was a necessity for decorum. In the Nineteenth Century, the issue of imagination became one of utmost significance, mostly due to the theorizing of Wordsworth, and more significantly, of Coleridge. While imagination, as a primary and unique faculty of the human psyche and consciousness, was never debated, both poets managed to convey its indisputable significance in poetry.In the Seventeenth Century, the writer became of individual importance- the readers reacted to the experience of emotion with delight. This delight, the Romantics stressed, was the prime objective of their poetry, but was not achieved by mechanical application of rules, but by the strength of the imagination. An early and clean haphazard attempt on the part of Wordsworth to discriminate between imagination (Impressive effects out of simple elements), and fancy (Pleasure and surprise delirious by sudden varieties of situation and accumulated imagery), appears in The Thorn.In earlier discussions, both of these had been in most part used synonymously to denote a faculty of the mind which is distinguished from reason and judgement, and which receives images from the senses and records them into freshly combinations. He stresses that imagination, and not fancy, should be used to partake to the creative or poetic principle. The distinction between imagination and fancy was a key element in Coleridges theory of poetry, as well as in the general theory of the mental processes. This laconic differentiation is the core of his exposition on the nature and genesis of the imagination. M. H. Abrams, in The Mirror and the Lamp, points out that, As in his philosophy, so in his criticism, Coleridge roots his theory in the constitution and activity of the creative mind. The memory, for Coleridge, is mechanical, and fancy passive, which acts only by a sort of juxtaposition. The imagination, on the other hand, recreates, its elements by a process to which Coleridge sometimes applies terms borrowed from the physical and chemical unions- it is a synthetic, a permeative and a blending, fusing power. The imagination is essentially vital it generates and produces a form of its own. Fancy is thus a perfunctory process which receives the elementary images- the fixities and definites which it receives from the senses, and without fixation the parts, reassembles them into a different spatial and temporal order form that in which they were originally perceived. The imagination creates rather than reassembles by dissolving the fixities and definites, and centrip etal them into a peeled whole. The faculty of imagination generates and produces a form of its own while its rules are the very powers of growth and production. It assimilates and synthesises the most disparate elements into an perfect whole- a newly generated unity, be by a living interdependence of parts whose identity cannot survive their removal from the whole. Fancy can be taken to mean surface decorations of new combinations of memories and perceptions, while imagination involved a combination of elements in the cauldron of the poets mind, with imagination acting as a base of sorts more than anything else, which results in the creation of a new work. Coleridge further distinguishes between the Primary and Secondary imagination.If the process of creation is conceived as being essentially and perpetually the bringing of order out of chaos, then the Primary imagination is essentially creative and a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the finite I AM . This could be explained by reducing imagination to a single image, or a train of thought, in ones mind- this quality, being inherent in every conscious, human being (that is, in evolutionary terms, the ability of foresight and being able to think around a situation), and Coleridge has accept this as constituting the Primary imagination.The Secondary imagination is the conscious human use of this power. When we employ our Primary imagination in the act of perception, we are not doing so with our conscious will, but are exercising the basic faculty of our awareness of ourselves and the external world the Secondary imagination is more conscious and less elemental, but it does not differ in kind from the primary. In imagination, elements in an environment that strike the creators sensibility are blended and fused into a new whole- the poet has to merge reason and emotion, restraint and spontaneity, the abstract and the concrete, etc.The entire exercise is a reconciliation of opposit es, (precisely why it is a conscious one), emphasizing the dialectic character of creativity. The action can be reduced to three basic phases thesis, antithesis and synthesis, but this process is inexplicable, as is imagination, and particular to the poet himself. The resultant exposition can never be stripped down to its original elements. To exemplify this, Coleridge uses the analogy of the transformation of a seed into a plant to explain this theory.Once the seed has been planted, and grows into a plant, it is impossible to reduce the plant to singular elements like the seed, the water, the air, the soil, etc. It is a whole- an organic unit. In the same manner- a creation of the imagination has an inherent organic unity- it cannot be reduced to any of its contributory elements. This is the dialectical character of creativity that involves synthesis- the result of this blend and fusion is a whole. Coleridge stressed that imagination makes new perception possible.If indeed a work s prings out of imagination, it holds the ability to penetrate the experience of its genesis and reveal the essence of the object. This echoes Aristotles view that poetry or art penetrates through the idea of an object and brings to the surface not the particular, but the universal in the particular, the essence. In a writers imagination, thus, the experience is unifying or coadunative- what Coleridge calls Esemplastic- it is moulded into an expression by the imagination.Literature thus becomes a piece of actuality subjected to the laws of imagination. Most critics after Coleridge tended to make fancy simply that faculty that produces a lesser, lighter, or more humorous kind of poetry, and to make imagination the faculty that produces a higher, more serious, and more passionate poetry. However, the mark of Coleridges theories is undoubtedly present in each of these. As he himself has stated I laboured at a solid foundation, in the component faculties of the human mind itself and their comparative lordliness and importance.

Global Economics Stakeholders Essay

Any business placement has to be competitive in the business sector so as to keep in line with other competitors, or else getting competitive advantage oer the other competitors might not be easy. The business arranging has to therefore satisfy all its stakeholders and be in a better business position. The organization has got to ensure that the human resources are completely satisfied. A human resource which is satisfied exit ensure that all the strategies of the organization are undertaken so as to achieve the general objectives.With a dedicated human resource, the organization would be able to develop a culture that is completely accepted to all the stakeholders and thus increase output. In many occasion, the way the organization treats its human resource, it will be reflected on how these employees will treat the customers. The customers who are satisfied with organizational activities will tend to have confident in the goods and the services that will be offered and thus be true-blue to the organization.Therefore, looking at these cases, it is completely the best ways in which the organization can ensure that it reduces unnecessary equals. With dedicated employees, the rate of turnover will be very low and thus reducing the cost of hiring and the procedures associated with it. Furthermore, with loyal and satisfied customers, the organization will be assured of the continuous available markets. With reduced cost, the organization would be able to have increased profits and thus become the largest motor industry by gaining much larger markets.It is therefore important to seek opportunities in the organization to reduce production costs without having to negatively affect the quality of the product (Galitsky & Worrell 2003).Reference Galitsky c & Worrell E (2003) Energy Improvement and bell Saving Opportunities For the Vehicle Assembly Industry, retrieved on 29th Jan 2008 from http//www. energystar. gov/ia/business/industry/LBNL-50939. pdf.

Effect of Red Bull Energy Drink

International Journal of period of play Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,? 2007,? 17,? 433-444? ? 2007? Human? Kinetics,? Inc. Effect of chromatic talk through ones hat Energy Drink on Repeated Wingate Cycle surgery and Bench-Press Muscle Endurance Scott C. Forbes, Darren G. Candow, Jonathan P. Little, Charlene Magnus, and Philip D. Chilibeck The purpose of this orbit was to determoe the cause of release misrepresent cogency suck on Wingate cycle exploit and pass courage. healthy young adults (N = 15, 11 men, 4 women, 21 5 y mature) participated in a crossover take apart in which they were randomized to stick on with flushed horseshit (2 mg/kg body mass of caffeine) or isoenergetic, isovolumetric, noncaffeinated placebo, separated by 7 d. Muscle survival of the fittest (bench press) was assessed by the supreme number of repetitions over 3 sets (separated by 1-min bide musical intervals) at an intensity corresponding to 70% of service line 1-repetition maximum . Three 30-s Wingate cycle tests ( elongate = 0. 075 kp/kg body mass), with 2 min recovery among tests, were employ to assess posting and middling military force output. rubor diddly-squat energy drink substantively change magnitude essential bench-press repetitions over 3 sets ( ruby-red falsify = 34 9 vs. placebo = 32 8, P 0. 05) still had no issuing on Wingate neb or bonny tycoon (Red diddlyshit = 701 124 W vs. placebo = 700 132 W, Red cocksucker = 479 74 W vs. placebo = 471 74 W, respectively). Red diddlyshit energy drink significantly join ond pep pill body muscularity-builder selection but had no nucleus on anaerobiotic eyeshade or median(a) power during tell Wingate cycling tests in young wellnessy adults. Key Words anaerobic power, caffeine, deed Red fake energy drink is purported to improve some aspects of death penalty (i. . , re typifyion time, concentproportionn, and alertness) in exercising individualists (1). The primary ergogeni c ingredient in Red Bull is caffeine. Acute caffeine intake of 29 mg/kg body weight unit during aerobic forge growths courage and reduces devolve (11, 12, 25, 37, 46). close to research on caffeine uptake has focus primarily on its effects during short-term or extended aerobic exercise (23), with numerous studies reenforcement an ergogenic effect from caffeine on exercise time to exhaustion (17, 22, 29, 46, 48), maximum power output (32, 37), and consummation time (9, 41).The effects of caffeine ingestion on anaerobic accomplishment (i. e. , Wingate cycle power) and vigour endurance Forbes, Little, Magnus, and Chilibeck argon with the College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B2. Candow is with the Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada S4S 0A2. ? ? 433 434 Forbes? et? al. (i. e. , total repetitions for lifting a given resistance over multiple sets) argon less evident, however. Regarding anaerobic motion, Collump et al. 16) showed that caffeine ingestion (250 mg) 1 h before 100-m freestyle swimming significantly ameliorate performance time. In addition, caffeine ingestion (250 mg) 30 min before exercise resulted in significant improvements during a maximum-power 6-s cycle sprint against various loads (2). Greer et al. (28), however, observed no improvement in maximum force output or reduced fatigue during repeated Wingate anaerobic tests with 6 mg/kg of caffeine 1 h before exercise Collomp et al. (15) make no improvement during a item-by-item 30-s Wingate test with 5 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min before exercise and Crowe et al. 18) lay down that 6 mg/kg of caffeine given 90 min before two 60-s cycling bouts had no effect on peak power or work output. Regarding muscle endurance, Kalmar and Caf belli (35) reported that 6 mg/kg of caffeine given 1 h before exercise significantly increased submaximal isometric-contraction time. In contrast, Beck et al. (7) and Jacobs e t al. (34) found no improvement in bench-press or leg-press muscle endurance (i. e. , total repetitions of lifting a weight corresponding to 7080% one-repetition maximum 1-RM) 6090 min later on subjects consumed 2. 54 mg/kg of caffeine.Although it is difficult to comp be results crossways studies, feasible explanations for these inconsistent findings world power imply the dose of caffeine used, subject training status, timing of caffeine ingestion, customary caffeine consumption, and exercise modality. Although the mechanisms explaining the possible ergogenic effects of caffeine re primary(prenominal) to be elucidated, plausible theories include caffeines ability to act as an adenosine-receptor antagonist (18, 19, 23), increase plasma epinephrine concentrations (33, 45), enhance calcium release and reuptake from the arcoplasmic reticulum (40), and alter plasma potassium concentrations (18). These mechanisms most likely occur with larger caffeine doses, and it is unclear wh ether little doses would be as effective. Recently it was found that larger doses of caffeine might have negative health consequences such as impaired glucose tolerance (6). We therefore decided to contract the effects of a little dose of caffeine (2 mg/kg) in the form of Red Bull energy drink. To date, only 1 study has examined the effects of Red Bull energy drink on anaerobic exercise performance in young adults.Alford et al. (1) found a significant increase in maximum speed during an full-scale cycling test by and by Red Bull supplementation (80 mg caffeine). Our purpose was to determine the effects of Red Bull energy drink on a more standardized test of anaerobic performance (i. e. , Wingate cycle test) and on muscle endurance (i. e. , maximal repetitions during bench-press lifting). These tests were used to simulate the demands of haves such as ice hockey that mean repeated bursts of practise or muscle endurance of both the abase and upper body.Energy-drink consumptio n and caffeine supplementation are very common in this type of sport (38). We hypothesized that Red Bull supplementation would increase Wingate anaerobic peak and average power and bench-press muscle endurance. Methods Participants xvi healthy corporeally active participants (12 men, 4 women, 24 6 y old) volunteered for the study. They participated in moderate physical activity 2 or 3 Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? athletic? surgery? ? 435 times per week and were instructed not to change their diets or physical activity patterns before or during the study.All subjects were take to fill out a Physical exertion Readiness Questionnaire, which screens for health problems that might present a risk with performance of physical activity (52). The study was approved by the University of Saskatchewan Biomedical Research ethical motive Board for research in military man subjects. Participants were informed of the risks and purposes of the study before they gave their written consent. Expe rimental be after The study used a double-blind repeated-measures crossover counterbalanced design in which participants were randomized to supplement with Red Bull or placebo and receive the antonym treatment 7 d later.All participants were required to come to the testing ground on 2 occasions before the start of the study, once to determine their bench-press 1-RM strength and again 3 d later for familiarization with the experimental design by acting 3 sets of bench-press repetitions to fatigue (separated by 1-min light intervals) at an intensity corresponding to 70% 1-RM, fol offseted by three 30-s Wingate cycle tests (separated by 2-min rest intervals) at a load corresponding to 0. 075 kp/kg body mass (4). in that respect was a 10-min rest full point between the bench-press endurance tests and Wingate cycle tests.Three days after the familiarization trial, subjects were randomly assigned to supplement with Red Bull (2. 0 mg/kg caffeine) or placebo (noncaffeinated Mountain Dew, lemon juice, water) 60 min before performing repeated-bench-press endurance tests and Wingate cycle tests. Seven days after this initial supplementation and testing session, subjects returned to the laboratory and ingested the opposite supplement drink and performed the same exercises in the same order. They were instructed to refrain from caffeine for 48 h, physical activity for 24 h, and food and drink for 3 h before testing.The 7-d counterbalance was chosen to allow subjects tolerable recovery between exercise tests. The 48 h of caffeine withdrawal before testing would be adequate because the half-life of caffeine is about 46 h (24). The dependent variables measured were bench-press endurance, peak power during repeated Wingate tests, and average power over 3 Wingate tests. Physical activity level and public caffeine consumption were recorded before the study through the questionnaire. The exercise tests were chosen to simulate sports that involve repeated bursts of high-i ntensity activity, such as ice hockey.For example, the 30-s Wingate tests with 2 min rest between tests simulate the work-to-rest ratio of typical hockey shifts. Timemotion analyses indicate skating times of 3040 s between rest intervals of either whistle bread or time on the bench. Whistle stops last about 27 s, whereas time on the bench is about 227 s, for an average rest interval of about 2 min (27, 47). The bench-press test simulates upper body work during ice hockey, such as occurs during corner play and occasionally fighting (26).A caffeine-containing supplement is ideal to evaluate for this type of sport because caffeine-containing supplements are the most popular type of supplement ingested by ice hockey players (38). 436 Forbes? et? al. Supplementation Red Bull and the placebo were identical in caloric content, volume, and taste. Supplements were provided to each participant 60 min before exercise in an opaque water bottle and consumed in the presence of a researcher. Sixt y minutes was chosen because this is the fierce time it takes for caffeine concentration to reach its peak after oral ingestion (23). The caffeine dose of 2. mg/kg was chosen because it is an approximate amount shown to increase muscle performance (7) and reduce fatigue in young healthy adults, high doses might be associated with impaired glucose tolerance (6), it is the maximal mundane dose of commercial energy drinks considered safe by Health Canada (30), and this dose allowed our heaviest subjects to consume approximately 2 cans of Red Bull, which is the maximal amount recommended on the Red Bull label. elements in the Red Bull energy drink are shown in Table 1. Muscle Strength and Endurance The procedures for determining bench-press 1-RM have antecedently been described (13).All bench-press testing was done on a bench-press machine (Lever chest-press machine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada). Reproducibility of our 1-RM test, expressed as a coefficient of pas seul, was 1. 9% (14). For bench-press muscle endurance, participants performed 3 sets of bench-press repetitions to volitional fatigue, separated by 1-min rest intervals, at an intensity corresponding to 70% 1-RM. Reproducibility of the bench-press endurance test was assessed by testing 15 subjects 3 d apart. The coefficient of variation was 1. 5%. Anaerobic Power Peak power and average power were assessed using repeated Wingate cycleergometer tests. pitch take in concentration was measured at rest, immediately after each Wingate cycle test, and 2 min postexercise using an automated lactate analyzer (Accutrend give, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturers instructions. Ten minutes after the bench-press endurance test, each subject was positioned on the Wingate cycle ergometer, and seat height, handlebar Table 1 Red Bull Energy-Drink Ingredients Ingredient Sugar Caffeine Taurine Glucuronolactone Niacin Pantothenic acid Vitamin B6 Riboflavin Vitamin B12 Amount (per kg body mass ) 0. 65 g/kg 2. 0 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 15 mg/kg 0. 45 mg/kg 0. 15 mg/kg 0. 5 mg/kg 0. 04 mg/kg 0. 025 g/kg Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? Athletic? Performance? ? 437 height and position, and toe straps were adjusted based on the settings unyielding during the familiarization trial. Subjects were instructed to cycle at a let up pace against zero resistance for 5 min. Five seconds before data collection, they were instructed to pedal at maximal rate to ensure optimal power and force production at the beginning of the test and to conduct cycling at a maximal speed for the duration of the 30-s test at a load corresponding to 7. 5% of their body mass (4). Subjects were verbally encouraged throughout the test.This procedure was repeated for 3 tests, with 2 min of active rest against zero load between tests. Reproducibility of peak and average power was determined by testing 10 subjects 3 d apart. The coefficients of variation were 4. 1% for peak power and 3. 6% for average power. Statistical An alyses A 2 (caffeine- eat subjects vs. caffeine-naive subjects) ? 2 (supplement Red Bull vs. placebo) ? 3 (exercise sets) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last 2 factors was used to assess disaccordences between conditions for benchpress repetitions and for peak and average power during the Wingate tests. A 2 (caffeine-consuming subjects vs. affeine naive subjects) ? 2 (supplement Red Bull vs. placebo) ? 5 (blood lactate at 5 time points) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last 2 factors was used to assess changes in blood lactate concentration. To determine whether 1 familiarization trial was adequate to eliminate any effects of learning over time, we ran a 3 (set) ? 2 (time) repeatedmeasures ANOVA to determine whether there were differences across sets for Wingate tests and bench-press tests between the familiarization and placebo trials. Tukeys post hoc tests were used to determine differences between means. Statistical significance was set at P ? 0. 05.All results are expr essed as mean standard deviation. Statistical analyses were carried out using Statistica, version 5. 0 (StatsSoft Inc. , Chicago). Results Of the professional 16 subjects who volunteered, 15 completed the study. One male subject withdrew because of time constraints. Seven subjects were correct in perceiving that they were ingesting Red Bull or placebo, with the remaining subjects unsure. Before testing, 8 subjects were caffeine naive, 4 reported consuming 200 mg/d. There were no side effects reported from the exercise testing, Red Bull energy drink, or placebo.There were no time main effects or set ? time interactions between the familiarization trial and the placebo trial, indicating that the familiarization trial was adequate to eliminate any learning effects. Subjects who regularly consumed caffeine did not differ from caffeine-naive subjects for any of the tests or for their chemical reactions to Red Bull versus placebo (i. e. , there were no group ? supplement interactions). There was a supplement main effect for bench-press endurance, whereby the number of repetitions over the 3 sets was greater in the Red Bull condition than with placebo (Red Bull = 34 9 vs. lacebo = 32 8 repetitions over the 3 sets, P = 0. 031 numeral 1). There was a set main effect for bench-press endurance, Wingate peak power ( participate 2), and Wingate average power ( take in 3) that is, performance dropped across sets as 438 Forbes? et? al. would be expected (P 0. 05). There were no differences between Red Bull and placebo for performance across sets during the Wingate tests (peak and average power Red Bull = 701 124 W vs. placebo = 700 132 W and Red Bull = 479 74 W vs. placebo = 471 74 W), and there were no supplement ? et interactions for any of the exercise tests (Figures 2 and 3). There was a time main effect for blood lactate (mmol/L) during repeated Wingate tests (P 0. 01 baseline Red Bull 4. 2 1. 3 vs. placebo 3. 6 1. 0 after test 1 Red Bull 7. 4 2. 4 vs. pla cebo 6. 6 1. 8 after Test 2 Red Bull 9. 0 2. 9 vs. placebo 8. 9 3. 4 after Test 3 Red Bull 9. 3 4. 2 vs. placebo 8. 1 4. 7 and 2 min postexercise Red Bull 9. 2 3. 0 vs. placebo 7. 9 2. 4), with no differences between Red Bull and placebo (Figure 4). Post hoc analyses indicated that blood Total repetitions over 3 sets of bench press 5 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Red Bull placebo * Figure 1 Bench-press repetitions across sets, mean standard deviation. Units are repetition number. Repetition number was determined as the total number of repetitions over 3 sets of bench-press exercise at 70% of 1-repetition maximum, 1 min of rest between sets. *Number of repetitions performed during the Red Bull condition was greater than the number of repetitions performed during the placebo condition (P = 0. 031). 850 Red Bull placebo Wingate peak power (W) 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 ascertain 1 Set 2Set 3 Figure 2 Wingate peak power across sets, mean standard deviation. Peak power wa s determined by the highest power output during each of 3 sets of 30-s Wingate tests, with 2 min of rest between tests. There were no differences between Red Bull and placebo conditions. There was a main effect for set, with Set 1 higher than Set 2 (P = 0. 021) and Set 2 higher than Set 3 (P 0. 01). Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? Athletic? Performance? ? 439 700 Wingate average power (W) 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 Set 1 Set 2 Red Bull placebo Set 3Figure 3 Wingate average power across sets, mean standard deviation. Average power was determined during each of 3 sets of 30-s Wingate tests, with 2 min of rest between tests. There was a set main effect, with Set 1 higher than Set 2 (P 0. 01) and Set 2 higher than Set 3 (P 0. 01). 14 12 Red Bull placebo entertain (mMol/L) 10 8 6 4 2 0 baseline after Set 1 after Set 2 after Set 3 2 min post Figure 4 Blood lactate concentration before and after each set of 30-s Wingate tests (separated by 2 min of recovery) and 2 min postex ercise, mean standard deviation.Blood lactate values were determined from fingertip blood samples. There was a set main effect for lactate (P 0. 01). Blood lactate concentration increased from baseline to after Set 1 (P 0. 01) and from after Set 1 to after Set 2 (P = 0. 016). Lactate values after Set 2 were similar to lactate values after Set 3 and 2 min after Set 3. lactate concentration was elevated above baseline after each Wingate test and at 2 min after the last Wingate test (all P 0. 01). Blood lactate concentration increased from baseline to after Test 1 (P 0. 01) and from after Test 1 to after Test 2 (P = 0. 16). Lactate values after Test 2 were similar those after Test 3 and 2 min after Test 3. Discussion This is the first study to go over the effects of Red Bull energy drink on upper body muscle endurance and anaerobic cycle performance in young adults. Results 440 Forbes? et? al. showed that Red Bull energy drink significantly increased total bench-press repetitions over 3 sets compared with placebo but had no significant effect on peak or average power or blood lactate concentration during repeated Wingate cycling tests. The main active ingredient in Red Bull energy drink is caffeine.Although the mechanisms explaining the ergogenic effects of caffeine are not fully known, plausible theories include the antagonism of adenosine receptors (18, 23, 42) leading to an increase in central-nervous-system activation (54) and plasma epinephrine concentrations (45), enhanced calcium release and reuptake from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (40) affecting skeletal-muscle excitationcontraction conjugation (42), and the alteration of plasma potassium concentrations (18, 39). Caffeine has been shown to reduce plasma potassium levels compared with placebo during exercise (39).The increased intracellular potassium concentration coupled with lower extracellular potassium might help maintain tissue layer contractility during exercise (39). Our results of a greater i ncrease in bench-press repetitions over 3 sets from Red Bull ingestion (2. 0 mg/kg), but no single set effect, expand the findings of Beck et al. (7), who found no effect of a caffeine-containing supplement (2. 4 mg/kg) on single-set bench-press repetitions. For the present study, bench-press muscle endurance was assessed by the total number of repetitions over 3 sets at 70% 1-RM separated by 1-min rest intervals.In contrast, participants in the Beck et al. (7) study performed a single set of bench-press repetitions at 80% 1-RM. Differences in supplement composition, study design (crossover vs. cross-sectional), and sex might also explain these different results. In addition, we cannot conclude with certainty that the greater increase in bench-press repetitions from Red Bull energy drink is a result solely of caffeine, because Red Bull contains other ingredients (see Table 1) such as carnitine, B vitamins, and taurine.The effectiveness of carnitine is controversial, with most stud ies showing no benefit but some showing a benefit for increased fat metabolism and enhanced recovery from exercise stress (for reviews, see 10 and 36). These ergogenic effects might help during aerobic endurance exercise however, it is obscure that a benefit would be provided by acute supplementation before high-intensity exercise. Carnitine supplementation has no effect on high-intensity exercise performance (i. e. five 90-m swims separated by 2-min rest intervals) (53) or metabolic response to high-intensity exercise (i. e. , five 1-min cycle sprints separated by 2-min rest intervals) (5). The B vitamins are important for degenerative adaptation to exercise training but most likely would have minimal influence when taken before an acute exercise session (55). Although carnitine and the B vitamins might not be ergogenic for the exercise tests used in the current study, taurine might exhibit beneficial effects.Taurine, a sulfonic amino acid found primarily in skeletal muscle (31, 44), has been shown to increase force production in skinned muscle fibers in a rodent model (3), possibly through increased calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and increased calcium sensitivity for excitationcontraction coupling. Others have alludeed that taurine might exhibit protective(p) effects against cellular stress such as exercise by acting as a free-radical scavenger (49).In humans, taurine supplementation (6 g/d) significantly increased exercise time to exhaustion, VO2max, and maximal workload during cycle-ergometer exercise (56). Nonetheless, the amount of taurine administered before exercise in the current study was relatively low, ranging from 1 to 2 g. Therefore, it is doubtful that it would have significantly affected performance. Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? Athletic? Performance? ? 441 Red Bull energy drink had no effect on anaerobic power measures. These findings support those of Beck et al. 7), who found no effect from a caffeine-containing supplement on peak or average power output in young adults. Although it is unclear why these caffeine-containing supplements had no greater effect on anaerobic power output compared with the findings of others (2, 16), possible explanations might include the caffeine dose used, caffeine habituation, and individual training status. The caffeine dose used in the current study (2. 0 mg/kg) and that of Beck et al. (7) of 2. 4 mg/kg might have been too low to observe an ergogenic effect on anaerobic-power measures.Regarding caffeine habituation, most subjects in the current study were caffeine naive however, 7 of 15 subjects were caffeine users, with 4 consuming 200 mg caffeine per day. The Red Bull energy drink provided approximately an additive 150 mg caffeine. One previous study suggested that caffeine might not be ergogenic in habitual caffeine consumers as a result of caffeine saturation (50). Several studies have shown, however, that habitual caffeine intake does not affect the ergogenic ben efits of caffeine (8, 20, 21, 43, 51).In agreement with these studies, we did not find any differences in response to the Red Bull energy drink between caffeineconsuming subjects and caffeine-naive subjects. Finally, in examining the effects of caffeine ingestion on anaerobic performance in trained and untrained swimmers, Collump et al. (16) observed a decrease in 100-m swim time in the trained swimmers but no effect in the untrained swimmers. We suggest that the variations in subject training status might explain the lack of consistency across studies. Most studies that report positive effects from caffeine on naerobic exercise have used well-trained subjects (16, 20). The results of the current study suggest that moderately active individuals experience no anaerobic benefit from caffeine through Red Bull energy-drink ingestion. In summary, the results of the present study indicate that Red Bull energy drink increases upper body muscle endurance but has no effect on Wingate anaerob ic power. Red Bull energy drink is commonly ingested in the hope that it will increase exercise performance. 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Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth Essay

1. hoagy introduced in his ordinary worldOdysseus is a strong ruler of Ithaca (Greek city-state), however lacks contract in state of war. He is also the son of Lertes2. The call to adventureHe wins the Trojan war through his guile nature.As his fleet left field for Ithaca, strong winds sweep them off course3. submarine is reluctant at firstOdysseus and his custody get a little afraid after realizing that they had no idea where they were heading for4. Encouraged by the wise old man/womanAlong the way, Odysseus obtains very much of advice of how he should carry on with his expedition from Circe the Enchantress5. Hero passes the first thresholdThe first supply that Odysseus faces would be in the beginning of the Odyssey, where his fleet land on the city of Ismara, and plunder the Cicones inhabiting the region6. Hero encounters tests & helpersOther hazards for Odysseus were Polyphemus, The Lotus-Eaters, Hades, The Sirens, Scylla etc.7. Hero reaches the innermost caveThe largest is sue ever faced by Odysseuss fleet would be the Man-eating Cyclops named Polyphemus. Being the son of Poseidon, Odysseuss trickery angered the God of the sea, which would earn much more implications on them. This would largely affect Odysseuss quality to a greater uttermost8. Hero endures the supreme ordealOdysseus try to escape Polyphemuss island first, but Odysseus hubris turns against their own people. Polyphemus attacks Odysseuss men with boulders and rocks. With luck, they escape into the waters, out of reach from danger9. Hero seizes the swordOdysseus finally defeats all enemies10. The road prickleUnfortunately, as he does so, he loses all his men, when Poseidon strikes hisfleet with the power of the raging sea11. ResurrectionHe just gets away from the impending danger and realizes his mistakes. He finally reaches the Phaeacians, and tells them his story, since it had been more than 10 year since he had left for battle12. Return with the treasureHis treasure is more in a fo rm of a lesson, where he realizes that greed is something that corrupts a man. His adventure is definitely an example, since with his greed came the loss of his men and valuables